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Development, Specifications, and Application Experience with 80 ksi (552 MPa) Linepipe by J. Malcolm Gray Paper presented at the ABM Annual Congress Vitoria, Brasil 23 July 2007
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Overview Introduction Application Metallurgical Approaches Chemical Compositions Specifications Weldability Fracture Control
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Figure 1. Development periods for high strength linepipe
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Figure 2. Increase in North American natural gas pipeline operating pressures 1)
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Macro Trends Higher Pressures Thicker Wall Higher Toughness Lower Carbon Higher Alloy Contents Need for updated specifications. Cost pressures due to steel prices. Globalization of manufacture.
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Figure 3. Progress in adopting X-80 Steel.
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TypeCMnNbVTiMoCrOther Nb – V 0.05/0.121.50/1.650.050.080.01-- Nb – Ti 0.061.50/1.700.06-0.02-- Nb - Mo 0.041.700.09-0.020.30-Cu + Ni Nb – Cr 0.03/0.061.650.09-0.01-0.30Cu + Ni Table III
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Figure 4. Comparison of HAZ hardnesses for mechanized welds in Nb-Mo, Nb-Cr & Nb-V Steel.
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Steel Type CMnSiNbVTiCrMoCuNiNPcm Nb-V0.1041.710.330.0410.0920.0070.04-0.050.040.0040.22 Nb-Cr0.041.580.130.098-0.0110.24-0.200.100.0040.15 Nb-Mo0.031.680.270.095-0.0190.030.30 0.120.010 Table IV Chemical Compositions of X-80 Pipe Use For Recent Projects
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(a)No prior use of X-70/80 acicular ferrite steels. (b)Lack of knowledge or confidence. (c)Isolation. (d)Committee squabbling. (e)Copy and paste mentality at Engineering companies. (f)No platform for change. (g)Bureaucratic inertia. (h)Long term bad habits.
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Table V Summary of EWI Microalloying Recommend Chemical Composition Limits
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Figure 5. Comparison of limits for vanadium and niobium for different pipe grades.
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Figure 6. HAZ hardness as a function of heat input and Pcm.
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Figure 7. Comparison of mean hot rolling flow stress – X70 and X80 steels 8)
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Development of Blended Approach to Defect Acceptance Criteria (Shaded area was adopted by the project) Figure 15. Defect acceptance levels for Cheyenne Plains X-80 Girth Welds.
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Figure 16. Fracture Arrest Predictions: Recent Analyses for X-100
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ProjectYearCompanyCountryProductGradeWall thickness (mm) Tons TCPL1972- Present IpscoCanadaCoil and Pipe X-70/8011.8 TCPL, Hearst Ontario 1982Algoma Steel Canadian Phoenix CanadaPlate Pipe 15.735000 Iroquois Project1990StelcoCanadaPipeX6520.018000 Cantarell1998Mittal Steel PMT MexicoSlab, Plate, Pipe X70 sour gas 22.665000 Cameron Highway, offshore 2003Azov Stal SteelUkrainePlateX-6518.0 WelspunIndiaPipeX-6518.0 Cheyenne Plains2004Oregon Steel Mills/Napa Pipe USAPlate, Coil, Pipe X8011.835000 1 st West-East Gas Pipeline 2004Bao SteelChinaPlate and Coil X70 Anshan SteelChinaPlateX70 Julong PipeChinaPipeX70 EuropipeGermanyPipeX70 30000 Independence Trail, offshore 2005Azov Stal Welspun Ukraine India PlateX7030.9 TCPL2005Azov Stal Welspun Ukraine India Plate Pipe X-75 (X- 80) 22.0800 Gulf South2006Nanjing SteelChinaPlate and Coil X-80 Rockies Express2007- 2009 Oregon SteelUSACoilX70/X8014.3/15.9 Production History 0.10% Niobium HTP Steel
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Figure 17
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Figure 18. Relationship between maximum thinning strain e f and Charpy energy
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