1. Laura Bassi...Who ? Lindsey Nagy Hood College Frederick, Maryland

2. Laura’s Stats Born October 1711 in Bologna, Italy Death 1778 Age of 5 she was taught by Father Lorenzo Stegani Age of 13 was privately tutored by Gaetano Tacconi Child Prodigy

3. Patrons Jacopo Beccari Gabriele Manfredi Giulio Alberoni Prospero Lambertini (Pope Benedict XIV)

4. The Great Year of 1732 March 26 th Became a voting member of the Bologna Academy of Science May 12 th Awarded a degree at the University of Bologna April 17 th Defended her set of 49 theses for the University of Bologna June 27 th Defended 12 more theses October 29 th University of Bologna grants her a lectureship December 18 th Bassi gives her first lecture

5. Early Teaching First lecture – Newtonian physics “De aqua corpore natuarili elemento aliorum corporum parte universi” Taught physics at the University Salary 500 lire annually Did not teach regularly Limited resources

6. Career Expansion Spent 3 years studying advanced mathematics under Gabriele Manfredi 1735 – Was given access to a special collection of books in the Vatican Index Liborum Prohibitorium 1738 – Married Giovanni Guiseppe Veratti Set-up laboratory in her own home to use conduct experiments and teach

7. Advancing Recognition Full classes 1745 – she lobbies for a position as the 25 th member of the Benedettina Academy within the Academy of Science formed by Pope Benedict XIV 1746 – Voltaire writes to Bassi requesting to be a member of the Academy of Science “Dear Madam, I have been wishing to journey to Bologna in order to be able one day to tell my countrymen I have seen Signora Bassi? There is not a Bassi in London, and I should be more happy to be a member of the Academy of Bologna than that of the English, although it has produced a Newton. If your protection should obtain for me this title, of which I am so ambitious, the gratitude of my heart will be equal to my admiration for yourself…”

8. Dissertations

9. Why did she not publish much of her work? Children Married life Did not seek recognition & fame What she did publish was in Latin

10. 1757: “De problemate quodam hydrometrico ”

11. 1757: “De problemate quodam mechanico”

12. 1791: “De immixto fluids aere” (presented in 1747) 1745: “De aeris compressione” (presented in 1746) Boyle’s Law: P ∙ V = k Poetry

13. Recognition 1200 lire salary in 1760 Appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics at the Institute of Sciences in 1776 Medal Street in Bologna Liceo Laura Bassi in Bologna, founded 1860

14. Special Thanks  Hood College – Student Research Institute Advisors: Dr. Kimber Tysdal & Dr. Betty Mayfield Melissa Barrick, Laura Printz, & Chelsea Sprankle  Pi Mu Epsilon, Maryland Delta Chapter  University of Bologna

15. Algarotti, F.C. (1739). Il newtonianismo per le dame, ovvero Dialoghi sopra la luce, i colori, e l’attrazione. A spese di Giambatista Pasquali, libraro e stampatore di Venezia. Napoli. Algarotti, F.C. (1739). Sir Isaac Newton’s philosophy explain’d for the use of the ladies : in six dialogues on light and colours / from the Italian of sig. Algarotti.. London. Bassi, L. (1732). Miscellanea (M. Cavazza & P. Bertucci, Eds.). Bologna: mss. Bassi, L. (1757). “De problemate quodam hydrometrico.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 4, 61-73. Bassi, L. (1757). “De problemate quodam mechanico.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 4, 74-79. Bassi, L. & Canterzani, S. (1791). “De immixto fluids aere.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 7, 44-47. Bassi, L. & Zanotti, F.M.. (1745). “De immixto fluids aere.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 2(1), 347-353. Bochner, S. (1966). The Role of Mathematics in the Rise of Science. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Bologna, Instiutio magistrale. (1960). Studi e inediti. Bologna: 1960. Buell, H.S.J. (1853). “Laura Maria Caterina Bassi.” Women’s Record. London. 204-205. Cavazza, Marta. “Laura Bassi” Bologna Science Classics Online Ceranski, B. (1996). Und sie furchtet sich vor niemandem: Die Physikerin Laura Bassi 1711-1778. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton’s Principia for the Common Reader. NewYork: Oxford University Press. Cieslak-Golonka, M. & Morten, B. (2000). “The Women Scientists of Bologna.” American Scientist, 88(1), 68. Elena, A. (1991) “In lode della filosofessa di Bologna: An Introduction to Laura Bassi” Isis, 82(3), 510-518. References

16. Findlen, P. (1993) “Science as a Career in Enlightenment Italy: The Strategies of Laura Bassi” Isis, 84(3), 441-469. Findlen, P. (2003) “The Scientist’s Body: The Nature of a Woman Philosopher in Enlightenment Italy.” In L. Daston & G. Pomata (Eds.), The Faces of Nature in Enlightenment Europe (211-236). Berlin: BWV- Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. Garelli, A. (1883). Laura Bassi, biografia. Bologna. Goldsmith, L.T. (1987). “Girl Prodigies, Some Evidence and Some Speculations.” Roeper Review, 10(2), 74-82. Logan, G.B. (1999). “From Learned Ladies to Teachers of Men: Doctors of Philosophy.” Chap 8 in Italian Women in Science from the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century. Proquest Digital Theses, University of Ottowa, Canada. Logan, G.B. (1994) “The Desire to Contribute: An Eighteenth Century Italian Women in Science.” The American Historical Review, 99(3), 758-812. Mazzotti, Massimo. (2004) “Newton for Ladies: gentility, gender,and radical culture.” British Journal for the History of Science, 37(2), 119-146. Nies, K.A. (1999). “Laura Bassi: A Physicist Supported by the Church.” Retrieved June 14, 2007, from Hypatia Website: http://www.hypatiamaze.org/laura/bassi.html. Oglive, M.B. (2000) “Laura Maria Caterina Bassi.” In Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. (Vol. 1, pp.88- 89). New York. Roero, C.S. (2004). “Gabriele Manfredi’s treatise De constructione aequationum differentialium primi gradus (1707).” Oberwolfach Report, 51, 2734-2737. Schiebinger, L. (1993). “Women in Science: Historical Perspective.” In C.M. Urry, L. Danly, L.E. Sherbert, & S. Gonzaga (Eds.) Women at Work: A Meeting on the Status of Women in Astronomy (11-19). Maryland.

17.  Bassi, L. (1757). “De problemate quodam hydrometrico.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 4, 61-73.  Bassi, L. (1757). “De problemate quodam mechanico.” De bononiensi scientiarum et artium Instituto atque Academia commentarii, 4, 74-79.  [Untitled photograph of Laura Bassi]. Retrieved July 8, 2007, from: http://www.edu.linkoping.se/berzelius/ Vetenskapskvinnan/bassiutskrift.htm.  Subleyras, P.H. (18th Century). Benedictus XIV, Retrieved July 8, 2007, from: www.romancatholicism.org/beatus- andreas.htm.  Sezanne, A. (1888). University of Bologna Seal, Retrieved July 12, 2007, from: http://www.answers.com/topic/history-of- european-research-universities.  Consoli, A. (1732). Insignia, Retrieved July 12, 2007, from: http://www.euarchives.org/index.php3?sch=3&lng=en&pge= photo&cty=bologna&tmp=&nr=36.  Huff, L. (2000). List of annual lectures, Retrieved July 12, 2007, from: http://www.americanscientist.org/template /AssetDetail/ assetid/14707/page/2;jsessionid=aaa5LVF0.  [Untitled photograph of woman and child]. Retrieved July 17, 2007, from: http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~jmd/.  [Untitled photograph of Bassi’s bronze medal] Retrieved July 17, 2007, from:http://www.christophereimer.co.uk /images/m/9566.jpg.http://www.christophereimer.co.uk Images (in order of appearance)