2. Why is marketing planning necessary? Systematic futuristic thinking by management better co-ordination of company efforts development of better performance standards for control sharpening of objectives and policies better prepare for sudden new developments managers have a vivid sense of participation

3. Criticisms of marketing planning Formal plans can be quickly overtaken by events Elements of the plan my be kept secret for no reason gulf between senior managers and implementing managers the plan needs a sub-scheme of actions

4. Objectives of the marketing plan Acts as a roadmap assist in management control and monitoring the implementation of strategy informs new participants in the plan of their role and function to obtain resources for implementation to stimulate thinking and make better use of resources

5. Assignment of responsibilities, tasks and timing Awareness of problems, opportunities and threats Essential marketing information may have been missing if implementation is not carefully controlled by managers, the plan is worthless!

6. The contents and structure of the marketing plan The executive summary table of contents situational analysis and target market marketing objectives marketing strategies marketing tactics schedules and budgets financial data and control

7. Cautionary notes for effective planning Don’t blindly rely on mathematical and statistical calculations. Use your judgement as well Don’t ever assume that past trends can be exploited into the future forever if drawing conclusions from statistical data, make sure the sample size is sufficiently large

8. Behavioural planning problems Planning recalcitrance: resistance and non-co- operation by managers in planning fear of uncertainty in planning: a lack of comfort in planning activities political interests in planning activities:resource bargaining, padding of requirements, and avoidance of consensus planning avoidance: compliance rather than commitment to planning

9. Standard Planning Framework Analysis - where are we now? Objectives - where do we want to be? Strategies - which way is best? Tactics - how do we ensure arrival? Control - are we on the right track?