1. 脑神经
The cranial nerves
黄绍明
广西医科大学解剖教研室

2. Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous
system
Brain
Spinal cord
Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

3. Section 2 The Cranial Nerves
There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves which are attached to the brain.
The cranial nerves can be designated in two way and listed as follows:

4. Section 2 The Cranial Nerves
I Olfactory n.
II Optic n.
Ⅲ Oculomotor n.
Ⅳ Trochlear n.
Ⅴ Trigeminal n.
Ⅵ Abducent n.
Ⅶ Facial n.
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear n.
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal n.
Ⅹ Vagus n.
Ⅺ Accessory n.
Ⅻ Hypoglossal n.

5. The cranial nerve nuclei (review)
Functional components of the cranial nerve nuclei:
1.General somatic motor nuclei
2. Special visceral motor nuclei
3. General visceral motor nuclei
4.General and special visceral sensory nuclei
5.General somatic sensory nuclei
6. Special somatic sensory nuclei

6. Cranial nerves contain seven components:
General and special somatic afferent (sensory) fibers
General and special visceral afferent (sensory) fibers
General somatic efferent (motor) fibers
General and special visceral efferent (motor) fibers

7. Classification of cranial nerves
According to the components and functions , the cranial nerves are divided into three types:
1. sensory nerves:Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅷ
(contain only sensory fibers)
2. motor nerves: Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅵ, Ⅺ, Ⅻ
(contain only motor fibers）
3. mixed nerves:Ⅴ, Ⅶ, Ⅸ, Ⅹ
(contain both sensory and motor fibers) 

8. The Superficial origins of the cranial nerves on the brain
Ⅰ Telencephalon (olfactory bulb)
Ⅱ Diencephalon (lateral geniculate body)
Ⅲ Midbrain (interpeduncular fossa )
Ⅳ Midbrain (beneath the inferior colliculus)
Ⅴ Pons (the junction between basilar part of pons and
the middle cerebellar peduncle） Ⅵ
Ⅶ Pons (bulbopontine sulcus) Ⅷ IX
Ⅹ Medulla oblongata (behind the olive) Ⅺ
Ⅻ Medulla oblongata (between the pyramid
and olive)

9. I. Olfactory nerve Nasoplatine n. Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Posterior nasal br.
Platine n.
Nasal conchae
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Anterior ethmoidal n.

10. Olfactory n.

11. II. Optic nerve
Optic n.
Optic chiasma

12. Optic n.
Optic chiasma
Optic tract
Ledial geniculate body
Optic radiation

13. III. Oculomotor nerve Oculomotor nuclus
Supplies the levator palpebrae superioris, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior obliquus.
The sphincter pupillae，ciliary muscle.
Oculomotor nuclus
Accessory nuclus of oculomotor n.
Accessory nuclus of oculomotor n.
Oculomotor n.
Oculomotor nuclus
Ciliary ganglion

14. The parasympathetic nerve fiber of the oculomotor nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Accessory nuclus
The parasympathetic nerve fiber of the oculomotor nerve

15. IV. Trochlear nerve Trochlear nucleus Superior obliquus Trochlear n.
Superior orbital fissure
Trochlear nucleus
Superior obliquus
Trochlear n.

16. Superior obliquus
Trochlear n.

17. V. Trigeminal nerve Motor nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Trigeminal ganglion
V. Trigeminal nerve
Motor nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Potine nucleus of the trigeminal n.
spinal nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Trigeminal ganglion
The motor fibers supplies the masticatory muscles, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani etc.
The sensory fibers distributed to the skin of the face, the mucous membranes of the eye, tongue, oral cavity, nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses as well as the teeth, the eyeball, the lacrimal gland and the meninges.

18. ophthalmic n. Maxillary n. Trigeminal nerve Mandibular n. Frontal n.
Lacrimal n.
Nasociliary n.
ophthalmic n.
Maxillary n.
Mandibular n.
Infraorbital n.
Zygomatic n.
Pterygopalatine n.
Superior alveolar n.
Trigeminal nerve
Auriculotemporal n.
Buccal n.　
Lingual n.
Inferior alveolar n.
The nerves of masticatory museles

19. Ophthalmic n.
Maxillary n.
Mandibular n.

20. VI. The abducent nerve Abducent nucleus Lateral rectus Abducent n.
Superior orbital fissure
Abducent nucleus
Lateral rectus
Abducent n.

21. Abducent n.

22. VII. The facial nerve Facial nucleus Superior salivatory nucleus
The muscles of expression
Facial nucleus
The lacrimal gland
The submandibular and sublingual glands and small glands in the mucous membrane of the nose and palate.
Superior salivatory nucleus
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Geniculete ganglion
The taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

23. The branches of the facial nerve
① Chorda tympani n.
② Greater petrosal n.
Braches within the facial canal
Facial n.
① Temporal branches
② Zygomatic branches
③ Buccal branches
④ Marginal mandibular branch
⑤ Cervical branch
Braches outside the facial canal

24. VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Facial nerve
Cochlear ganglion
Cochlear n.
Vestibular ganglion
Vestibular n.
Vestibular nucleus
Cochlear nucleus

25. IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Supply or distribution:
Origination:
The stylopharyngeus,
The parotid gland
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Otic ganglion
The mucous membrane of the phartnx, the tonsils, the middle ear, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, the carotid glomus and carotid sinus.
Inferior ganglion
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Superior ganglion
The skin of the posterior surface of the auricle

26. ① Tympanic n. ② Carotid sinus branch ③ Lingual branches
The man branches of the glossophayngeal nerve
Superior ganglion
① Tympanic n.
② Carotid sinus branch
③ Lingual branches
④ Pharyngeal branches
Inferior ganglion
Parotid gland
Otic ganglion
It srises from the inferior ganglion and enter the tympanic cavity to form the tympanic plexus which distributed to the mucous membrane of the middle ear.

27. Inferior salivatory nucleus
Lesser petrosal n.
Otic ganglion
Parotid gland
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Tympanic n.
Auriculotemporal n.
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arises from the Inferior salivatory nucleus passe through the tympanic cavity and joins the otic ganglion. The postganglionic fibers supply the parotid gland.

28. ① Tympanic n. ② Carotid sinus branch ③ Lingual branches
The man branches of the glossophayngeal nerve
Superior ganglion
① Tympanic n.
② Carotid sinus branch
③ Lingual branches
④ Pharyngeal branches
Inferior ganglion
Parotid gland
Otic ganglion
It distributed to the carotid glomus and the carotid sinus. They respond to the changes of either increased carbon dioxide tension or decreased oxygen tension in the blood, and to the changes of the arterial pressure reflexly.
They contain the taste and general sensory visceral fibers, and distributed to the mucous membrane of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
They supply the mucous membrane of the pharynx with sensory branches, the stylopharyngeus with motor branch.

29. Lingual branches
carotid sinus branch

30. X. Vagus nerve Origination: Supply or distribution:
The striped muscle of the larynx and the pharynx
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.
Intramural or paramural parasympathetic ganglia
The smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominal.
The visceral of the neck, thorax and abdomen.
Nucleus of the solitary tract
Inferior ganglion
Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal n.
Superior ganglion
The skin of the auricle and external acoustic meatus and cerebral dura mater.
X. Vagus nerve

31. The man branches of the vagus nerve
superior laryngeal n. cervical cardiac branches
pharyngeal branch
Branches in the neck：
Branches in the thorax：
recurrent laryngeal n.
broncheal branches
esophageal branches
anterior gastric branches
hepatic branches
posterior gastric branches
Celiac branches
Branches in the abdomen：

32. Cervical cardiac branches
Superior laryngeal n.
Pharyngeal branch
Cervical cardiac branches
Recurrent laryngeal n.
Broncheal branches
Esophageal branches
Hepatic branches
Anterior gastric branches
Celiac branches

33. XI. Accessory nerve Nucleus ambiguus Accessory nucleus
Cranial root
Nucleus ambiguus
Accessory nucleus
Vagus nerve
Spinal root
Accessory n.
Cranial root join the vagus nerve to the muscles of the soft palate and intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
Spinal root supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius.
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

34. Hypoglossal n.
Accessory n.

35. XII. Hypoglossal nerve Hypoglossal nucleus
Supplies all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal n.

36. The nerves supply the tongue
1. Trigeminal n. (mucous membrane of the ant. 2/3 of the tongue)
2. Facial n. (the taste buds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue)
3. Glossopharyngeal n. (the taste buds and the mucous membrane
of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue)
4. Hypoglossal n. (lingual muscles)

38. the end