2. Putro, Huff, White 1

3.  fights  bullying  verbal taunts  sexual harassment  vandalizing personal property and school equipment  hazing  gangs  school shootings 2

4.  "Zero tolerance is a political response, not an educationally sound solution," said Dr. Russell Skiba, author of the report. "It sounds impressive to say that we're taking a tough stand against misbehavior, but the data says it simply hasn't been effective in improving student behavior." 3

5.  Involve teachers, administrators, students, families, and their communities  Early, interactive programs  Anti-bullying, anger management and peer mediation  Building student-teacher relationships  Challenging curriculum and teacher training in classroom management and cultural competence 4

6.  Arnold Goldstein, director of the Center for Research on Aggression at Syracuse University and a strong supporter of zero-tolerance policies, says the key to making the policy work is giving principals the discretion to exercise fairness and common sense concerning each individual case. 5

7. Innovation and experimentation in schools through delegation. Incentives matter, so effectively addressing school violence must include a high level of individual, parental, school officials, community, and societal input. 6

8.  1.) What are the chief and root causes of one of the biggest problems facing education systems around the world: violence in schools? 2.) What are the effects of school violence on students and how does school violence affect student performance? 3.) What can be done to prevent and reduce violence in schools? 4.) What are the primary short-term and long-term objectives of school violence prevention efforts? 5.) How is the violence prevention efforts in schools tied to broader community-level violence prevention programs? 7

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22.  DeVoe, J. F., Peter, K., Kaufman, P., Miller, A., Noonan, M., Snyder, T. D., & Baum, K. (2004). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2004 (NCES 2005–002/NCJ 205290).  Skiba, Russell. (2001) Zero Tolerance, Zero Evidence: An Analysis of School Disciplinary Practice. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Education Policy Center, Indiana University.  Starr, Linda. (2002) Stop Tolerating Zero Tolerance. Education World. 21