1. Endocrinology of reproduction
Reproductive System

2. Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Supporting structures
Scrotum
2 chambered sac that contains testes
Dartos and cremaster muscles help regulate temperature
Penis
Perineum
Diamond-shaped areas between thighs
Testes
Series of ducts
Epididymides
Ductus deferentia
Urethra
Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

3. Male Pelvis

4. Testes Glands Descent Compartments divided by septa Cryptorchidism
Exocrine
Endocrine
Compartments divided by septa
Seminiferous tubules
Empty into rete testis
Empties into efferent ductules
Interstitial or Leydig cells
Descent
Pass from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal to scrotum
Cryptorchidism
Failure of of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum
Prevents normal sperm development

5. Histology of Testis

6. Descent of Testes

7. Sperm Cell Development
Spermatozoa produced in seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia divide (mitosis) to form primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes (first division of meiosis) divide to form secondary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes (second division of meiosis) divide to form spermatids
Spermatids develop an acrosome and flagellum
Sertoli cells nourish sperm cells and form a blood-testis barrier and produce hormones

8. Spermatogenesis

9. Meiosis

10. Ducts Epididymis Ductus deferens or vas deferens Ejaculatory duct
Site of sperm cell maturation
Ductus deferens or vas deferens
Passes from epididymis into abdominal cavity
Ejaculatory duct
Joining of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle
Urethra
Extends from urinary bladder to distal end of penis
Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
3 parts
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy or penile urethra

11. Male Reproductive Structures

12. Penis Three columns of erectile tissue that engorge with blood
Corpora cavernosa (2)
Corpus spongiosum (1)
Glans penis
Prepuce or foreskin covers
Circumcision: Surgical removal
External urethra orifice

13. Penis

14. Accessory Glands Bulbourethral glands Secretions Seminal vesicles
Contribute about 5% to semen
Secretions
Semen
Composite of sperm cells and secretions
Emission
Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra
Ejaculation
Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
Seminal vesicles
Empty into ejaculatory duct
Produce about 60% of semen
Prostate gland
Produces about 30% of semen

15. Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Hypothalamus releases
GnRH or LHRH which stimulates
LH or ICSH to produce testosterone
FSH to stimulate sperm cell formation
Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

16. Puberty and Testosterone
Age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction
Before puberty small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release
During puberty testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH,LH, and testosterone
Testosterone
Produced by interstitial cells, adrenal cortex and sustentacular cells
Causes development of male sex organs in embryo, stimulates descent of testes, causes enlargement of genitals and necessary for sperm cell formation

17. Male Sexual Behavior and Male Sex Act
Testosterone required to initiate and maintain
Male sex act
Complex series of reflexes that result in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, ejaculation
Sensations result in orgasm associated with ejaculation and then resolution

18. Neural Control of Erection
Stimulation
Tactile or psychological
Parasympathetic
Erection due to vasodilation of blood vessels
Sympathetic
Causes erection, emission, ejaculation
Erectile Dysfunction

19. Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Female reproductive organs
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genital organs
Mammary glands

20. Female Pelvis

21. Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes, Ovaries and Supporting Ligaments

22. Ovary Histology

23. Maturation of Follicle and Oocyte

24. Maturation and Fertilization of Oocyte

25. Follicle and Oocyte Development
Oogenesis is the production of a secondary oocyte in ovaries
Oogonia are cells from which oocytes develop
Primary oocytes are surround by granulosa cells and called a primordial follicle
Primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle when oocyte enlarges and cells change
Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle and enlarges to form mature or graafian follicle
Usually only one is ovulated, others degenerate
Primary oocyte completes first meiotic division to produce secondary oocyte and a polar body
Secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division, which stops in metaphase II

26. Ovulation and Follicle Fate
Follicle swells and ruptures, secondary oocyte is released from ovary
Second meiotic division completed when secondary oocyte unites with sperm cell to form zygote
Fate of the follicle
Graafian follicle become corpus luteum
If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum persists
If no fertilization, becomes corpus albicans

27. Uterine Tubes and Uterus
Uterine or fallopian tubes or oviducts
Open directly into peritoneal cavity to receive oocyte from ovary
Transport oocyte or zygote from ovary to uterus
Uterus
Parts: Body, isthmus, cervix
Composed of 3 layers
Perimetrium: Serous membrane
Myometrium: Smooth muscle
Endometrium: Mucous membrane

28. Vagina and Perineum Perineum Vagina Clinical perineum
Divided into two triangles
Urogenital: Contains the external genitalia
Anal triangle
Clinical perineum
Region between vagina and anus
Episiotomy: Incision to prevent tearing during childbirth
Vagina
Female organ of copulation
Allows menstrual flow and childbirth
Hymen covers the vaginal opening or orifice

29. Female External Genitalia
Vulva or pudendum or external female genitalia
Vestibule: Space
Labia minora: Form borders on sides
Clitoris: Erectile structure
Corpora cavernosa
Corpora spongiosa
Labia majora
Unite to form mons pubis

30. Female Perineum

31. Mammary Glands
Organs of milk production located within mammae or breasts
Consist of glandular lobes and adipose tissue
Cooper’s ligaments support the breasts

32. Puberty and Menstrual Cycle
About 28 days long
Phases
Menses
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Amenorrhea: Absence of a menstrual cycle
Menopause: Cessation of menstrual cycles
Puberty
Begins with menarche or first episode of menstrual bleeding
Begins when GnRH levels increase

33. Menstrual Cycle

34. Hormone Regulation during Menstrual Cycle

35. Female Sexual Behavior and Sex Act
Female sex act
Parasympathetic stimulation
Blood engorgement in clitoris and around vaginal opening
Erect nipples
Mucouslike fluid extruded into vagina and through wall
Orgasm not necessary for fertilization to occur
Female sexual behavior
Depends on hormones
Androgens and steroids
Depends on psychological factors

36. Female Fertility and Pregnancy
Oocyte can be fertilized up to 24 hours after ovulation
Sperm cells can be viable for up to 6 days in female tract
Ectopic pregnancy: Implantation occurs anywhere other than uterine cavity
Female fertility
Sperm ejaculated into vagina during copulation and transported through cervix and uterine tubes to ampulla
Sperm cells undergo capacitation

37. Sperm Cell Movement

38. Changes in Hormones During Pregnancy

39. Control of Pregnancy Lactation Behavioral methods Chemical methods
Oral contraceptives
Injections as Depo-Provera
Implants
Morning-after pills
Surgical methods
Vasectomy
Tubal ligation
Abortions
Behavioral methods
Abstinence
Coitus interruptus
Rhythm method
Barrier methods
Condom
Male and female
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Spermicidal agents

40. Effects of Aging Male Female Decrease in size and weight of testes
Decrease in sperm production
Prostate gland enlarges and increase in cancer
Impotence is age-related
Decrease in sexual activity
Female
Menopause
Decrease in size of uterus and vaginal wall thins
Age related increase in breast, uterine, ovarian cancer