1. Recycling of Some Sugar Industry Wastes to Produce Organic Fertilizers By Hassanein, H.G.; Ragheb, H.M. and Ahmed, M.M. Assiut University, Egypt.

2. The present investigation was carried out in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti; Assiut Governorate, during the period 1997-2000. Many objectives were aimed at through the course of this study. Objectives: 1- The main objective was to evaluate the response olive (Manzanello cv.) seedlings when transplanted in the desert oils of Wadi El-Assiuti to different seedbed materials added in different rates and methods of application. 2- Testing the possibilities of recycling some sugar industry by products (filter mud cake and vinasse in different rates) when used as seedbed materials in the desert soils compared with Nile sediments. 3-To evaluate soil salinity under the drippers as influenced by the seedbed materials and methods of its application.The present investigation was carried out in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti; Assiut Governorate, during the period 1997-2000. Many objectives were aimed at through the course of this study. Objectives: 1- The main objective was to evaluate the response olive (Manzanello cv.) seedlings when transplanted in the desert oils of Wadi El-Assiuti to different seedbed materials added in different rates and methods of application. 2- Testing the possibilities of recycling some sugar industry by products (filter mud cake and vinasse in different rates) when used as seedbed materials in the desert soils compared with Nile sediments. 3-To evaluate soil salinity under the drippers as influenced by the seedbed materials and methods of its application.

3. An infrastructure that can process sugarcane wastes (filter mud cake and vinasse) into value-added products that are economical to transport, easy to apply, and adaptable to a wider variety of cropping system is likely to evolve. An example might include the production of fertilizer blocks that has been enriched with commercial fertilizers, giving a higher analysis material suitable for use in fruit cultivation as a seedbed amendments in newly reclaimed desert soils.

4. More than 12 million tons of sugar cane are milled annually through eight sugar factories extend along four Governorates in Upper Egypt. Beside sugar, which is the main product of this industry, some other by-products are produced in a huge quantities. Between these by-products Bagasse and Molasses are used as raw materials for some other industries. On the other hand, Filter mud cake, vinasse and bagasse ash are final by-product which if not wisely used, will exert many hazardous effects on the environment. More than 12 million tons of sugar cane are milled annually through eight sugar factories extend along four Governorates in Upper Egypt. Beside sugar, which is the main product of this industry, some other by-products are produced in a huge quantities. Between these by-products Bagasse and Molasses are used as raw materials for some other industries. On the other hand, Filter mud cake, vinasse and bagasse ash are final by-product which if not wisely used, will exert many hazardous effects on the environment.

5. Materials This experiment was conducted in wadi-El- Assiuti, Assiut Governorate, on a site irrigated using drip irrigation system during the period 1997-2000. The drip irrigation system was established so that laterals were put at 4 m apart and drippers on each lateral were fixed at 8 m of each other. Two self-compensated drippers (4 L/h discharge) per tree were used.

6. In this experiment, three formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer of different vinasse content (50, 25 and 12.5%) were prepared by mixing the dry filer mud cake (FMC) with the corresponding amount of vinasse

7. The aforementioned organo-mineral fertilizers were compressed after preparation in blocks of 20x20x12.5 cm. Each block has a weight of approximately 3 kg. Table (1):Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil of the experiment. CaCO 3 % Ec (mmhos) (1:1) pH (1:1) Textur e grade Mechanical analysis Soil depth Sand % Salt % Clay % 18.159.67.7Sandy92.705.102.20(0-40 cm)

8. Table (2):Chemical analysis of irrigation water used to irrigate olive experiment. SAR Soluble anions meq/L Soluble cation meq/LEC pH Cl - HCO 3- CO 3- Mg ++ Ca ++ Na + K+K+ ppmdSm -1 5.61 132.861.043.363.84 10.650.2051222 1.91 8.13

9. The seedbed material treatments could be summarized as follows: The seedbed material treatments could be summarized as follows: 1- Filter mud cake. 2- Tacamolia 12.5% vinasse 1- Filter mud cake. 2- Tacamolia 12.5% vinasse 3- Tacamolia 25% vinasse.. 4- Tacamolia 50% vinasse. 5- Nile sediments (control). Chemical composition of the Tacamolia fertilizers is presented in Table (3). Some chemical analysis of Nile sediments is presented in Table (4). 3- Tacamolia 25% vinasse.. 4- Tacamolia 50% vinasse. 5- Nile sediments (control). Chemical composition of the Tacamolia fertilizers is presented in Table (3). Some chemical analysis of Nile sediments is presented in Table (4).

10. Table (3): Composition of the experimental materials. Micro-nutrients ppmMacro-nutrients % EC (1:10) pH (1:10 ) Treatments CuZnMnFeK2OK2OP2O5P2O5 N 16515832611860.424.582.503.326.27 Filter mud cake (FMC) 18716145112401.695.612.475.627.40 Tcamolia,12.5% V 19218545612601.937.552.675.877.32 Tcamolia, 25% V 20019049912802.658.012.806.376.50 Tcamolia, 50% V V: Vinasse pH = 4.5Ec = 40 mmhos/cm Contains 1.02% N, 0.30% P 2 O 5 and 2.10% K 2 O 1129 ppm Fe, 51 ppm Mn, 65 ppm Zn and 13 ppm Cu.

11. Table (4):Chemical analysis of Nile sediments. DTPA-extractable ppm Available ppm Total N% EC e (1:1) pH (1:1)Treatment CuZnMnFeKP 0.20.81811277120.611.987.88Nile sediments

12. Table (5):Amounts of irrigation water (L/day) applied to olive trees during three successive years. Growth year Month 199919981997 2520-January 2520-February 4030-March 5040-April 5040-May 5040-June 5040-July 504030August 504020September 253020October 402010November 20 10December 14.2511.42.7 Total amounts m 3 /tree/year 1866.751493.4353.7 Total amounts m 3 /fed./year (131 tree)

13. Seed – bed materials were applied in two rates; 6 and 9 kg per hole (2 or 3 blocks per hole, respectively). Two methods of application were followed. The blocks were witted and the material was either covered directly with sand coming out from the hole (without mixing), or it was mixed with this sand completely in the hole before planting (with mixing).

14. The relative increase in plant growth was calculated depending on the difference between 1997 and 1998 seasons. After pruning in 1998, data measurements were repeated in 1999 growth season. The relative increase in growth parameters were calculated using the values of 1998 as an initial data.

15. In this experiment three different formulas of Tcamolia fertilizer were prepared differed only in vinasse ratio to filter mud cake as follows: 50, 25 and 12.5% and enriched with 50 kg/ton each from superphosphate, potassium sulfate and sulfur. These three formulas were compared with filter mud and Nile sediments, as seedbeds for olive seedlings. The Tcamolia fertilizers were prepared as compressed blocks of three kilograms each.

16. Another objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of two rates (2 and 3 blocks) and two methods of application mixed with soil and non- mixed of the different seedbed amendments used to raise olive trees in the desert area of Wadi El-Assiuti using drip irrigation systems.

17. Table (6):The separate effect of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of some growth parameters of olive young trees. Relative increase (%) in growth season Treatments 1998/991997/98 No. of lateral branches Branch diameter Branch height No. of lateral branches Branch diameter Branch height 62432381 711- Filter-Mud Cake 6343237982722-Tcamolia,12.5% V 6842248582763- Tcamolia, 25% V 67432485 754- Tcamolia, 50% V 5637197174685- Nile Sediments *-*** F-test 8ns4554LSD 0.05 V : Vinasse.

18. Table (7):Separate effect of the rate and methods of application of seedbed amendments on the relative increase of some growth parameters of olive young trees. Relative increase (%) in growth season Treatments 1998/991997/98 No. of lateral branches Branch diameter Branch height No. of lateral branches Branch diameter Branch height Rate of application 62412381 70 -2 Blocks application (6 kg) 654323798075 -3 Blocks application (9 kg) -----** F-test ns 2 LSD 0.05 Methods of application 613921818074 - Mixed 654424798171 - Not-mixed --*--** F-test ns 3 2 LSD 0.05

19. The role of seedbed amendments in supplying plant nutrients and water conservation will be more noticeable as the root system grow more and explore more area in the soil. The relative increase in growth parameters were more than 70% in the first season of 97/98, while it was far below this value in the second growth season 98/99. This holds true either for rates or methods of application of the different seedbed amendments. The role of seedbed amendments in supplying plant nutrients and water conservation will be more noticeable as the root system grow more and explore more area in the soil. The relative increase in growth parameters were more than 70% in the first season of 97/98, while it was far below this value in the second growth season 98/99. This holds true either for rates or methods of application of the different seedbed amendments.

20. Mixing filter mud cake with the soil reduces salinity in the soil profile either vertically or horizontally to reach a minimum of 1.0 mmhos/cm at 40 cm of both directions. Maximum salinity did not exceed 4.0 mmhos/cm at the surface and 30 cm away from the dripper. In comparison with adding filter mud in blocks without mixing with the soil, it could be observed that a minimum of 0.5- mmhos/cm salinity was observed in the deep layers 30-40 cm away from the dripper. Maximum salinity reached 9.5 mmhos/cm at the surface 10 cm and extended laterally up to 40 cm away from the dripper.

21. Generally, it was observed that maximum salt concentration was more lower under all types of seedbed amendments either mixed or not with the soil compared with the first year 1997. It seems that continuous irrigation for two years helped in moving the salts out of the root-zone area to give the following figures. Generally, it was observed that maximum salt concentration was more lower under all types of seedbed amendments either mixed or not with the soil compared with the first year 1997. It seems that continuous irrigation for two years helped in moving the salts out of the root-zone area to give the following figures.

22. Not- mixed Mixed mmhos/cm1.0-7.00.7-2.4Filter mud cake mmhos/cm0.8-5.80.8-2.6Tcamolia, 12.5% vainasse mmhos/cm2.5-15.71.0-2.4Tcamolia, 25% vinasse mmhos/cm1.0-6.31.2-6.7Tcamolia, 50% vinasse mmhos/cm0.8-3.60.8-7.2Nile sediments Salt distribution in soil profile in the second year 1998

23. The aforementioned discussions means that mixing the seedbed amendments with the soil before planting olive seedlings is preferable compared with the application without mixing from the standpoint of salt accumulation. Increasing the duration of the experiments up to 3 years diluted salinity in the root zone area which means that salts might moved down and or out this area (40x50 cm) through irrigation water. As irrigation water was delivered to the soil through the drip system, the movement of salts will not be far enough with increasing the age of the orchards. The point needs further investigation.

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