1. Edward Yencken PhD Candidate School of Social and Political Sciences The University of Melbourne

2. Outline Presentation based on two cases studies of PhD thesis: The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) The Eurozone Crisis Seeks to examine the way that these two issues have impacted on relations between Australia and the EU Based on first of two sets of interviews with officials Will argue firstly that Australia has historically focused on bilateral disputes (the CAP), at expense of establishing a more broad-based and constructive relationship Identification of common norms and values however has contributed to a belief that Australia’s interests are best served by seeking a more broad-based relationship with the EU (no longer focus on issues of consternation) 2 Do not cite without permission

3. The CAP as the basis for conflict CAP implemented in 1962, immediate impact was to restrict the access of third countries such as Australia to the EU agricultural market Menzies government campaigned strongly against the CAP and impact on Australian exports to the UK in 1960s (should UK join EU) Accession of the UK to the EU in 1973 seen as having potentially severe repercussions for agricultural exports 3 Do not cite without permission

4. Fears Become Reality? By late 1970s CAP ‘contributing importantly to a decline in Australia’s export income from some agricultural exports, notably sugar’ (Burnett, 1983, p. 1) Did occur concurrently with significant expansion of Australian trade in Asia-Pacific region Former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser, described the CAP ‘as a protectionist monster’ (cited in Renouf, 1983) Criticism reflected how Australian fears about the CAP were seen as coming to fruition CAP by end of 1970s becomes all-encompassing issue dominating bilateral relations 4 Do not cite without permission

5. 1958-591965-661979-80 Beef & Veal71312 Dairy Products & Eggs6958Negligible Sugar4847Zer0 Wheat4812Zero Share of total value of Australian exports (per cent) to EC (9) Source: Burnett, 1983 5

6. The Persistence of the CAP Continues to dominate relationship in the 1980s A.D. Brown (1983) ‘so long as agricultural surpluses are exported by the EEC as a result of subsidised production… there will be difficulties between Australia and the Community’ EU recognition “The so-called misconceptions of the past, were grounded in substance. The EU was a pretty protectionist bloc on the CAP in the 1960s, 70s and 80s, Australia was rightly against it” (Council Official, 2012) 6 Do not cite without permission

7. Impact of Australian Criticism Distracted from broader relationship Ward (2002), overemphasis on the CAP contributed to ‘missed opportunities’ in non-agricultural trade sectors and the ‘enhancement of cultural and social exchange’ ‘Collective amnesia’ (Groom 1989) Australia unaware of important EU developments (single market) EU becomes Australia’s largest trading partner by early 1990s but criticism continued 7 Do not cite without permission

8. Nicholson, The Australian, 2002 8

9. CAP Reforms and Impact MacSharry and GATT reforms and positive effect Subsequent CAP reforms impact (Agenda 2000, 2003, Towards 2020) Australian perceptions begin to shift Reforms seen as not only reducing restrictions on Australian access to the EU market but improving perceptions of the EU as an open and important international market (DFAT, 1996) DG Trade Official (2012)“There is certainly a recognition on the Australian side that the EU has moved quite a long way, even if from an Australian perspective we are still not doing things in exactly the same way that perhaps they would see as being close enough to their own policy decisions” 9 Do not cite without permission

10. Source: European Commission, 2013 10

11. ‘Multilateralising’ or ‘Bypassing’ the CAP? Moving discussions to the WTO, isolating or ‘multilateralising’ the issue supported by both Australia and the EU Separating from rest of relationship Shared view that WTO ‘right place’ to discuss the issue CAP no longer defines relations (Australian Official, 2012) More generally, EU and Australia share common objectives in relation to the WTO and current Doha round (DG Trade Official, 2012) 11 Do not cite without permission

12. Changing perceptions Evolution of Australian approach, recognition of common interests (trade and other policy sectors) “The problem we had with Australia was not that there were a number of disputes; the problem is the perception of these disputes as an indicator of the level of relations” (EEAS Official, 2012) “Progress has definitely been made. The Australian Ambassador told me his predecessors were spending 20-30 per cent of their time on agriculture but that he was only spending 5 per cent of his time on agricultural issues” (DG Agriculture Official, 2012) 12 Do not cite without permission

13. Future of the CAP in Bilateral Relations “I think there is an elephant in the room… when it gets to agriculture for both sides” (DG Trade Official, 2012) FTA negotiations (should they commence). “If ever there is a Free Trade Agreement then agriculture will become more of an active issue” (EP Official, 2012) Contrast however, ‘agriculture as being more of a facilitator’ not an ‘impediment’ in the future. “The area of research is an area where we do have commonalities and where we will be cooperating much more than now” (DG Agriculture Official, 2012) Broad-based relationship (interactions over more areas) 13 Do not cite without permission

14. Between the CAP and the Eurozone Crisis Improvement of political relations under Howard government (despite public rhetoric) and acceleration under Rudd/Gillard governments Significant number of bilateral agreements (Joint Declaration, Agenda for Cooperation, PF Agreement, Framework Agreement) Emphasis on common interests and values, tangible representation of improved bilateral relations Increased number of high level Australian and EU visits Relationship improving substantially ‘behind the scenes’ over past two decades EEAS Official (2012)– Downer and Patten relationship “The current Australian ambassador (Brendan Nelson) has been extremely helpful and effective beyond anything that I have seen before” (EEAS Official, 2012) 14 Do not cite without permission

15. Eurozone Crisis – Early Interactions Early Australian government belief that financial crisis was a global issues Former Foreign Minister Stephen Smith noted ‘the need for a global response to the international financial crisis’ (2012) No specific country or region blamed Several EU Officials note problems in the global economy as having started in US Instability in the EU connected with GFC 15 Do not cite without permission

16. Australian Criticism Emerges Wayne Swan “I accept that they face a European crisis, for Europeans to solve… but Europe must also recognise that there is a weight of responsibility to all other economies of the world to do this” (cited in Uren & Norington, 2011) Council Official (on Swan criticism) “It was a bit of an irritant and not that helpful” (2012) Commission President Jose Barroso “frankly, we are not coming here to receive lessons in terms of democracy or in terms of how to handle the economy” (cited in Wintour, Traynor, & Smith, 2012) 16 Do not cite without permission

17. Lobbecke, The Australian, 2012 17

18. Negative Influence of Australian Media Widely observed as a problem amongst officials interviewed (EU and Australian to lesser extent) Contributing to negative perceptions of the EU and importance of bilateral relationship “Australia, just like many other parts of the world, has negative perceptions of the crisis but this has been exacerbated by inaccurate Australian press coverage of the issue” (EEAS Official, 2012) Criticism of handling of the crisis being used to sustain longstanding anti-EU prejudices in Australia Sheridan and McCrann, The Australian 18 Do not cite without permission

19. Need to Change Perceptions “Public perceptions need to be addressed so as to reflect the strength of bilateral agreements”(EEAS Official, 2012) “The battle of the Australian Mission in Brussels is to get a different image of the EU through to the Australian public” (Council Official, 2012) Extent to which this is possible? No Australian journalists in Brussels (noted by a number of EU officials) 19 Do not cite without permission

20. Impact of Criticism on Bilateral Relationship Australian official, major impact is likely to be internally within the EU (an ‘EU confidence issue’) but ‘unknown variable’ in the bilateral relationship (2012) ‘On the ground’ it has not ‘practical’ impact. It is more problematic at the political level (EEAS Official, 2012) More impact in future? “Singling out the Europeans last year, we might have been willing to take the stick, but this year, I think as our political public begins to have a more mature sense of all this, there will be a greater sense of impatience regarding too much criticism” (EEAS Official, 2012) 20 Do not cite without permission

21. More Internally Focused? Australia in Asia-Pacific and the EU within Europe and immediate region “I think at the moment it is quite normal and natural because the Asia-Pacific is close to Australia and there is a similar situation in Europe with countries in the region” (MEP, 2012) Potential for ignoring each other? “Australia has been more engaged in Asia and more engaged with Europe at the same time. Australia’s engagement with Asia has reinforced the relationship with the EU” (DG Trade Official, 2012) “The idea that we are focused on our part of the world and somehow not paying sufficient attention (to other issues) is out of date” (DG Trade Official, 2012) 21 Do not cite without permission

22. Recognition of Impact Council Official (2012) “The Australian Mission, they are very much aware that what the papers say is not the whole truth and that we still, by far, have the largest economy in the world and we are still one of your largest trade partners” Crisis has not distracted from bilateral relationship. Cooperation has in fact increased e.g. G20 (Australian Official, 2012) Divergence between official cooperation and political rhetoric 22 Do not cite without permission

23. A Durable Bilateral Relationship? “Relationship is broad-based enough so as to mean that one particular issue cannot have a significant impact” (Australian Official, 2012) Just a political irritant? “It does have an impact but I don’t feel that it has an impact that really changes the overall relationship” (DG Trade Official, 2012) Crisis as facilitating further cooperation? “Crisis is forcing the EU to do more with less money, meaning that closer cooperation with Australia is in its interests” (Australian Official, 2012) 23 Do not cite without permission

24. Beyond Bilateral Disputes? “As it is a controversial issue, the CAP will always receive attention. It still consumes too much of EU budget” (Australian Official, 2012) Similar with Eurozone crisis? Cooperation now extend to almost all areas, even trade and agricultural policy Likely to be reflected in depth and breath of Framework Agreement Limitations of Framework Agreement? “The real meter for trade negotiators is a Free Trade Agreement but that isn’t on the table” (DG Trade Official, 2012) 24 Do not cite without permission

25. Shared Interests “We are a natural ally with Australia” and “we are on the same side as Australia in almost all trade discussions” (Council Official, 2012) “The relationship is smooth, you can have from time to time surprising issues or small hiccups”. Extent to which the ‘Australian file’ is perceived as relaxing (DG Trade Official, 2012) Common norms and values as basis of relationship (no longer one dimensional) “I used to say to my Australian colleagues if you were not on the other side of the world you could easily be an EU member state because of cultural, language, outlook on the economy, human rights issues etc. (EEAS Official, 2012) 25 Do not cite without permission