1. Remotely-sensed land use patterns and the presence of Anopheles larvae in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia Craig A.Stoops Navy Entomology Center of Excellence Jacksonville Fl

2. The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U. S. Government.”

3. Anopheles Ecology Malaria on Java is endemic and stable 32 Anopheles spp. reported on Java 10 Anopheles spp. of medical importance Species sanitation Swellengrebel 1913 Takken et al. 1990

4. West Java Sukabumi Rate of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria has increased since 1998. Only 1 malaria case was reported in this area in 1998, yet by 2003, that number had increased to 1790 cases (Indonesian Ministry of Health unpublished data). In 2003, there were 17 deaths attributed to P. falciparum in the Sukabumi Subdistrict of Simpenan, where the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) is now as high as 134/1000 people/year in some areas.

5. October 2004 to September 2005 Subdistrict randomly selected Sites visited for 30 minutes each If mosquito larvae were found a picture was taken and ecological parameters measured: Water TempDistance to Human House Water DepthpH CanopyHabitat Type Veg. HeightVeg. Type Veg. coverage

6. An. aconitus An. annularis An. baribirostris An. flavirostris An. indefinitus An. insulaeflorum An. kochi An. macarthuri An. maculatus An. nigerrimus An. peditaeniatus An. subpictus An. sundaicus An. tessellatus An. vagus

8. LAND USE AND SPECIES PRESENCE

9. QuickBird Image taken July and August 2005 150 km2 Included villages with highest malaria cases and deaths ArcView produced supervised land use class scheme Aster Image taken in 2003 with bands 2, 3 and 4 4000 km2 Indonesian Mapping Agency used ERDAS IMAGINE v 8.5 to produce supervised land use map Ground truth

11. ASTER Satellite Image Anopheles presence

12. 12 land use classes for QuickBird Image 13 land use classes in Aster Map 8 Classes Combined for analyses: Bare land (bare land/beach/rocky beach) Bush/Shrub Farm Forest Rice paddies Plantation (plantation/mixed plantation/tea/rubber/vegetation) Settlement Water Body (rivers/lagoons) Odds Ratio and Fisher’s Exact Test Stata 9

13. Results QB - 11 Anopheles spp. /209 sites Aster - 15 Anopheles spp. /1600 sites QB – 130 + Anopheles (60%) Aster – 1019 + Anopheles (67%)

14. QuickBird Rice Paddy Land Use: Anopheles vagus Plantation Land Use: Anopheles aconitus Anopheles annularis

15. Aster Rice Paddy Land Use An. annularis An. subpictus An. vagus Plantation Land Use An. baribirostris An. kochi An. maculatus Brush/Shrub An. aconitus An. flavirostris An. maculatus An. sundaicus Water BodyAn. sundaicus Bare landAn sundaicus ForestAn. insulaeflorum

16. Conclusions Anopheles spp. distribution predictable based on land use Anthropogenic changes influence species distribution Anopheles sundaicus – bare land/water body within 250 m of the beach Anopheles aconitus – association with rice paddies

17. QUESTIONS?

18. Acknowledgements COL Scott Gordon Dr. Louisa Beck Sukabumi Malaria Control Indonesian Ministry of Health