1. B280F Introduction to Financial Management
Lecture 6
Capital-Budgeting Decision
Criteria
By Charles Chiu, PhD, CFA

2. What is Capital Budgeting?
The list of planned investment projects.
Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing alternative long term investments and making long-term investment decisions.

3. About Capital Budgeting Decisions
Outcome is uncertain.
Large amounts of money are usually involved.
Investment involves a long-term commitment.
Decision may be difficult or impossible to reverse.
Capital budgeting: Analyzing alternative long- term investments and deciding which assets to acquire or sell.

4. Types of Investment Decisions
Selection decisions
concerning proposed projects such as investments in long-term assets. i.e., property, plant, and equipment, or resource commitments in the form of new product development, market research, re-funding of long-term debt, and introduction of a computer.
Replacement decisions
such as replacement of existing facilities with new facilities.

5. Limited Investment Funds
I will choose the project with the most profitable return on available funds. ?
Plant Expansion
New Equipment
Office Renovation
Limited Investment Funds

6. Decision Process Develop and rank all investment projects
Authorize projects based on:
Government regulation
Production efficiency
Capacity requirements
NPV 4

7. Nonfinancial Considerations
Employee working conditions
Environmental concerns
Corporate image
Employee morale
Product quality

8. How do we decide if a capital investment project should be accepted or rejected?

9. Decision-making Criteria in Capital Budgeting
The ideal evaluation method should:
include all cash flows that occur during the life of the project,
consider the time value of money, and
incorporate the required rate of return on the project.

10. Decision-making Criteria in Capital Budgeting
Payback Period
Discounted Payback Period
Net Present Value (NPV)
Profitability Index (PI)
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)

11. Decision Rule
All of these techniques attempt to compare the costs and benefits of a project
The over-riding rule of capital budgeting is to accept all projects for which the cost is less than, or equal to, the benefit:
Accept if: Cost £ Benefit
Reject if: Cost > Benefit

12. Payback Period
How long will it take for the project to generate enough cash to pay for itself?
The payback period measures the length of time to recover the amount of initial investment. It is computed by dividing the initial investment by the cash inflows through increased revenues or cost savings.

13. Example initial investment cost $18,000
Assume: Cost of investment $18,000
Annual free cash flows $ 3,000
Payback period =
initial investment cost $18,000
increased revenues or cost savings $ 3,000 =
= 6 years
Decision rule: Choose the project with the shorter payback period, because the shorter the payback period, the less risky the project, and the greater the liquidity.

14. Consider two projects whose free cash inflows are not even
Consider two projects whose free cash inflows are not even. Assume each project costs $1,000.
When cash inflows are not even, the payback period has to be found by trial and error.

15. The payback period of project A is 4 years.
($1,000 = $100 + $200 + $300 + $400 )
The payback period of project B is:
($1000 = $500 + $400 + $100) or
The payback period of project B is 2.33 years.
$100
$300
= 0.33 years.
Project B is the project of choice in this case, since it has the shorter payback period.

16. Advantages Shortcomings
It deals with cash flows rather than accounting profits and therefore focuses on the true timing of the project’s benefits and costs.
It is simple to compute and easy to understand.
It can be used as a rough screening device, eliminating projects whose returns do not materialize until later years.
Shortcomings
It ignores the time value of money.
It does not consider any required rate of return
It ignores the impact of cash inflows received after the payback period

17. Discounted Payback Period
Discounts the cash flows at the firm’s required rate of return.
Payback period is calculated using these discounted net cash flows.

18. Discounted Payback Period1 2 3 4 5
(500)
Discounted
Year Cash Flow CF (14%)
year
280.70
years
88.33
years

19. Net Present Value
Net present value (NPV) is the excess of the present value (PV) of cash inflows generated by the project over the amount of the initial outlay (IO):
Advantages
It recognizes the time value of money.
It is easy to compute whether the cash flows form an annuity or vary from period to period

20. Computation
Choose a discount rate – the minimum required rate of return.
Calculate the present value of cash inflows.
Calculate the present value of cash outflows.
NPV =  - 

21. Decision Rule
General decision rule . . .

22. Foundation of the NPV Approach
The market value of the firm is based on the present value of the cash flows it is expected to generate.
Additional investments are “good” if the present value of the incremental expected cash inflows exceeds their cost.
Thus, “good” projects are those which increase firm value - or, good projects are those projects that have positive NPVs!
Conclusion - Invest only in projects with non-negative NPV.

23. Sources of NPV Economies of Scale Cost Advantages
Product differentiation
Distribution Advantage
Regulatory Protection

24. Profitability Index (Benefit/Cost Ratio)
The profitability index is the ratio of the total PV of future cash inflows to the initial investment
This index is used as a means of ranking projects in descending order of attractiveness.
Decision rule: If the profitability index is greater than or equal to 1.00, then accept the project.

25. Internal Rate of Return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is defined as the rate of interest that equates I with the PV of future cash inflows.
At IRR: NPV = 0
Decision rule: Accept the project if the IRR is greater than or equal to the required rate of return or hurdle rate. Otherwise, reject it.

26. 1 2 3 (500) 200 100 (200) 400 300 0 1 2 3 4 5 Advantage Shortcoming
IRR is a good decision-making tool as long as cash flows are conventional. ( )
Shortcoming
If there are multiple sign changes in the cash flow stream, we could get multiple IRRs. ( )
(500) (200)

27. Mutually Exclusive Investments
A project is said to be mutually exclusive if the acceptance of one project automatically excludes the acceptance of one or more other projects.
In the case where one must choose between mutually exclusive investments, the NPV and IRR methods may result in contradictory indications.

28. Contradictions May Occur When
Projects that have different life expectancies.
Projects that have different sizes of investment.
Projects whose cash flows differ over time. For example, the cash flows of one project increase over time, while those of another decrease.

29. Causes for Contradiction
The contradictions result from different assumptions with respect to the reinvestment rate on cash flows from the projects.
The NPV method discounts all cash flows at the cost of capital, thus implicitly assuming that these cash flows can be reinvested at this rate.
The IRR method implies a reinvestment rate at IRR. Thus, the implied reinvestment rate will differ from project to project.
The NPV method generally gives correct ranking, since the cost of capital is a more realistic reinvestment rate.

30. Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR)
IRR assumes that all cash flows are reinvested at the IRR.
MIRR provides a rate of return measure that assumes cash flows are reinvested at the required rate of return.

31. MIRR Steps Calculate the PV of the cash outflows.
Using the required rate of return.
Calculate the FV of the cash inflows at the last year of the project’s time line. This is called the terminal value (TV).
MIRR: the discount rate that equates the PV of the cash outflows with the PV of the terminal value, ie, that makes:
PVoutflows = PVinflows

32. Example
Suppose we are considering investing in an asset that yields $1000 in year one, $1100 in year two, $1500 in year three and $3200 in year four. If your required rate of return is 12%, and the asset costs $5000, determine the IRR and MIRR.
$4000 = $1000/(1+IRR) + $1100/(1+IRR)2 + $1500/(1+IRR)3 + $3200/(1+IRR)4
IRR = 20.09%

33. To find the Modified IRR
$4000 = [$1000(1.12)3 + $1100(1.12)2 +
$1500(1.12) + $3200]/(1 + MIRR)4
$4000 = [$ $ $1680 +$3200] /(1 + MIRR)4
$4000(1 + MIRR)4 = $7665
(1 + MIRR) =
MIRR = 17.66%

34. Importance of Capital Budgeting
Capital budgeting is probably the most important issues in corporate finance
Identifying investment opportunities which offer more value to the firm than their cost - the value of the future cash flows need to be greater than the investment required
estimating the size, timing and risk of future cash flows is the most challenging aspect of capital budgeting

35. End of Lecture 6