1. Journal Club
08 January 2012
Simin Li

2. The structure and mechanics of bone -anniversary review
John D Currey
Department of Biology, University of York
Journal of Materials Science JAN 2012 DOI /s

3. World wide research Groups in bone community
● UK: 2; ●USA: 6; ● Irland: 1; ●Japan: 1 Others: to be added …

4. Prof. John. D. Currey: Department of biology, University of York, UK
Publication: 1959-now; 117 publication hits in web of knowledge
Research group: Biochemistry and Biophysics
Research interest: specialist in bone tissue
The mechanical properties of mineralised tissues, at the moment, deer antler. The role of microdamage in determining the toughness of bone
Books:
The mechanical adaptations of bones; Bones: structure and mechanics 2002,
The effect of porosity and mineral-content on the youngs modulus of elasticity of compact-bone (360 cites)
Changes in the stiffness, strength, and toughness of human cortical bone with age
Prediction of mechanical properties of the human calcaneus by broadband ultrasonic attenuation

5. Dr Peter Zioupos : Department of Engineering and Applied Science, Cranfield University, UK
Publication: 1992-now, 70 publication hits in web of knowledge (with Currey, Rho)
Research interest: biomaterial hard tissues (simulation and exp)
Biomechanics of Materials research group (strain rate, simulation etc)
The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: a finite element study.
Simulation of Creep in non-homogeneous samples of human cortical bone
The Effect of Strain Rate on the Mechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone
The importance of the elastic and plastic components of strain in tensile and compressive fatigue of human cortical bone in relation to orthopaedic biomechanics

6. Prof. Stephen C. Cowin :Department of Mechanical Engineering The City College, NY USA
Publication: 1972-now; 87 publication hits in web of knowledge
Research group: Musculoskeletal Biomechanics research centers
Research Interests: (bone theory, test)
His current publications are in orthopedic biomechanics and anisotropic elasticity.
Books:
Bone Mechanics Handbook; Mechanical Properties of Bone; Tissue Mechanics
A model for the excitation of osteocytes by mechanical loading-induced bone fluid shear stresses (502)
On the dependence of the elasticity and strength of cancellous bone on apparent density
A continuous wave technique for the measurement of the elastic properties of cortical bone
Bone poroelasticity

7. A.Prof. Q. D. Yang: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department University of Michigan, USA; Brian N Cox: Rockwell Scientific Co., LLC
With Ritchie and Nalla
Publication: 1990-now; 128 publication hits in web of knowledge
Group: Materials Research Group
Research interests: (FEA, CZ element, A-FEM)
Mixed-mode fracture analyses of plastically-deforming adhesive joints (96)
High-Fidelity Simulations of Multiple Fracture Processes in Laminated Composites in Tension
Cohesive models for damage evolution in laminated composites
An augmented finite element method for modeling arbitrary discontinuities in composite materials

8. Prof. Robert O. Ritchie; Ravi Kiran Nalla (RA): Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley USA; Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Publication: 1986-now; 102 publication hits in web of knowledge
Research interest: (fracture mechanics)
Structure material; fracture mechanics and fatigue-crack propagation
Book:
Small fatigue cracks
Ritchie:
On the relationship between critical tensile stress and fracture toughness in mild steel (927 in Google scholar)
Propagation of short fatigue cracks
Fracture toughness and fatigue-crack propagation in a Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be bulk metallic glass
Nalla: 32 hits
Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone (187)
Mechanistic aspects of fracture and R-curve behavior in human cortical bone
On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: microcracking or crack bridging?

9. A. Prof. Elisa budyn: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago USA
Publication: 2003-now; 8 publication hits in web of knowledge
Laboratory Computational Mechanics Laboratory
Research interest: (Multi-scale, XFEM)
An extended finite element method with higher-order elements for curved cracks (66)
A method for multiple crack growth in brittle materials without Remeshing
Fracture strength assessment and aging signs detection in human cortical bone using an X-FEM multiple scale approach
Bovine Cortical Bone Stiffness and Local Strain are Affected by Mineralization and Morphology

10. Rho J Y: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis USA
Publication: publication hits in web of knowledge
Research interest: ultrasonic characterization of biomaterials; Nanoindentation
Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone (407)
The characterization of broadband ultrasound attenuation and fractal analysis by biomechanical properties
Elastic properties of human cortical and trabecular lamellar bone measured by nanoindentation
Youngs modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material - ultrasonic and microtensile measurements

11. Surgeon group: Dr. ALBERT H. BURSTEIN; Dr. Donald T Reilly
Dr. Donald T Reilly: publication from ; 64 publication hits in web of knowledge
ALBERT H. BURSTEIN publication from ; 145 publication hits in web of knowledge
Most from 1970s (early research of mechanical properties)
Elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue (577)
Review article - mechanical-properties of cortical bone (289)
Aging of bone tissue - mechanical-properties
Ultimate properties of bone tissue - effects of yielding

12. Prof. D. Taylor: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
Publication: 1990-now; 78 publication hits in web of knowledge on ‘bone’ 231 in total
Research group: Trinity Centre for Bioengineering
Research interest: (The Theory of Critical Distances-TCOD, Bone Mechanics)
Development of new approaches in fracture mechanics, using theoretical analysis and experimental testing; Investigations into the strength and fracture of bone, including repair and adaptation; Theoretical modelling and experimental studies
PREDICTION OF BONE ADAPTATION USING DAMAGE ACCUMULATION (122)
Micro-damage and mechanical behaviour: predicting failure and remodeling in compact bone
The Cellular Transducer in Damage-Stimulated Bone Remodelling
Micro-crack accumulation at different intervals during fatigue testing of compact bone

13. Japan group: Prof. Mamoru Mitsuishi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, JP
Publication: 27 hits in web of knowledge in ‘bone’
Research interests: bone cutting -experimental based
newest on bone publication 2010
Relationship between anisotropic tissue and cutting stress characteristics in pig cortical bone
New cutting method for bone based on its crack propagation characteristics
A study of bone micro-cutting characteristics using a newly developed advanced bone cutting machine tool for total knee arthroplasty
Fluoroscopic bone fragment tracking for surgical navigation in femur fracture reduction by incorporating optical tracking of hip joint rotation center

14. The structure and mechanics of bone
Catigrized hierarchical structure into 4 levels
Nano, micro, meso, whole bone
Different levels of simplification
Fracture mechanics
Size effect
The role of genetics and external forces

17. Elastic behaviour

18. Fracture behaviour
Mineral-collagen interaction in bone through either ions or hydrogen bonds:
Ionic interactions
Sliding of layered water films
Sacrificial bonds and hidden lengths
Virtual internal bonds
Bone becomes insensitive to flaws or cracks at sub-micro level
Counter-arguments: flaw weaken strength of nanotube compare with flawless one

19. Stiffness v.s. toughness
Stiffness and toughness go against each other
Increase stiffness with increasing mineralization. – mineral stiffer

20. Increase mineral decrease toughness
Denser crystal inhibit collagen from deformation
Reduce post-yield deformation
Less micro-damage, means lease total work to be done for breakage.

21. Micro scale level

22. Plexiform bone=fibrolamellar bone=laminar
Compact bone
Woven bone
Osteonal bone
Plexiform bone=fibrolamellar bone=laminar
Primary
Secondary
Lamellar bone

23. Woven bone
Primary bone
Secondary and plexiform bone

24. Woven bone: found in infant or fractue callus; randomly arranged collagen fibers; pool mechanical properties, quick grow
Osteonal bone:
primary (no haversian system): are likely formed by mineralization of cartilage, less lamellae than secondary, small vascular channels (no haversian), may be stronger than secondary
Secondary osteon (haversian system, cement line): always younger then the bone replaced, so, less mineral, low E(stiffness) than interstitial; cement line: discontinuity between inter and secondary, so cracks are likely initiate there or divert from
Plexiform bone=fibrolamellar bone=laminar
Rapid grow, offer increased mechanical support for longer periods of time. more surface area then osteonal, This increases the amount of bone which can be formed in a given time frame and provided a way to more rapidly increase bone stiffness and strength in a short period of time. greater stiffness than primary or secondary cortical bone

25. Lamellae
Osteoclasts
Lacunae
Canaliculi

27. Fracture mechanics in micro-scale
Micro-structure interface, discontinuity cause cracks are likely to initiate or divert from here
Uncrack bridges
R-curve
Old people low KC and low R-curve (brittle)
Young people High KC and high R-curve (tough)

28. Low mineral content 48% High mineral content85%
Work of fracture 6200J m work of fracture 20 J m-2

29. Size effect remain puzzling
Bone shape is determined by gene