1. Unit 4 Buildings Buildings建筑物

2. Text Guided writing Teaching Steps Leading in Dialogue Exercises

3. Lead-in Pictures to the Dialogue

4. Unit 4 Buildings建筑物 Modern high buildings

5. World Trade Buildings

6. Xiersi Building Chrysler Building

7. DIALOGUE A: Why do people put up high buildings? A: Why do people put up high buildings? B: The chief reason is to make the best use of the limited and expensive land areas available in the world’s major cities. New York City, largely confined to an island, could not spread outward, so it spreads upward. B: The chief reason is to make the best use of the limited and expensive land areas available in the world’s major cities. New York City, largely confined to an island, could not spread outward, so it spreads upward. A: Is there a limit to the height of buildings? A: Is there a limit to the height of buildings? B: Yes. Structural engineers have calculated that buildings up to 3 kilometers tall are technically feasible. B: Yes. Structural engineers have calculated that buildings up to 3 kilometers tall are technically feasible.

8. A: It’s said that a large tower block is the size of a village. Many skyscrapers are complete with shops, restaurants, and recreation facilities. What are the advantages and disadvantages? A: It’s said that a large tower block is the size of a village. Many skyscrapers are complete with shops, restaurants, and recreation facilities. What are the advantages and disadvantages? B: The advantages are that the whole of a large company’s staff can be housed together, with obvious gains in efficiency. Large buildings for homes, such as tower blocks of apartments, also make the best use of land and simplify the installation of services such as electricity and heating. On the other hand, they can create social problems. Living many meters above street level can lead to lack of contact with the surrounding community. B: The advantages are that the whole of a large company’s staff can be housed together, with obvious gains in efficiency. Large buildings for homes, such as tower blocks of apartments, also make the best use of land and simplify the installation of services such as electricity and heating. On the other hand, they can create social problems. Living many meters above street level can lead to lack of contact with the surrounding community.

9. A: A magazine says that there is a building called the pneumatic building. Can you explain it in details? A: A magazine says that there is a building called the pneumatic building. Can you explain it in details? B: Large “tents”, kept up by inflating them with air under slight pressure, are called pneumatic structures. B: Large “tents”, kept up by inflating them with air under slight pressure, are called pneumatic structures. A: What are they made of? A: What are they made of? B: They are made of strong fabrics and may be reinforced with membrane ribs and cables. So far these structures have been used mainly for temporary building, sometimes for protecting permanent ones while they are being built. B: They are made of strong fabrics and may be reinforced with membrane ribs and cables. So far these structures have been used mainly for temporary building, sometimes for protecting permanent ones while they are being built.

10. New Words calculate vt. To find out how much something will cost, how long something will take etc, by using numbers 计算 e.g. Oil prices are calculated in dollars. 油价以美元计算。 feasible a. a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work 可行的 e.g. Your plan is not economically feasible. recreation n. an activity that you do for pleasure or amusement 娱乐，消遣 e.g. His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.

11. Phrases put up 举起，建造（房屋等），张贴（布告等） make use of… 利用 …… be confined to 限制在 …… 范围内 It is said that… 据说 … lead to 导致 in detail 详细地 be made of… 由 …… 制成 so far 到目前为止

12. Describe the teaching buildings and dormitories in your college. Describe the teaching buildings and dormitories in your college. “ what are the advantages and the disadvantages? ” “ what are the advantages and the disadvantages? ” “ What is the building design? ” “ What is the building design? ”

13. Lead-in Pictures to the Text

14. Inner walls Out walls

15. Horizontal girders Vertical columns Bearing walls Honeycomb bricks

16. Steel girders Wood girders

17. Sharply-pointed ridge roof buildings 圣彼得大教堂 故宫

18. Flat surface roof buildings 旧民房建筑 新厂房建筑

19. 卫浴隔板 帝王大厦

20. TEXT People have learned a lot about building since prehistoric times. We’ve learned to use new methods to make buildings taller, stronger and safer. We have developed new building materials. We can cool our houses in summer and heat them in winter. A building generally comprises outer and inner walls, floors, roofs, doors, window frames and so on. Whatever the size is, a building must shelter people from the elements and have some systems for controlling the climate. It must provide space for specific use and such services as elevators or stairways for its users. As structures, buildings must be able to carry not only their own load, but also the weight of the people and objects within them.

21. The framework, when construction of steel, is a complex cage of horizontal girders and vertical columns. Now welding is widely used to join its members because it makes the operations easier and makes for a lighter structure. The walls can be of the stone, brick or cement blocks. The floors may be constructed of wood or of steel, girders, with special honeycomb bricks, or they may be of reinforced concrete. The roof covers the building to protect it from the weather. It can vary in shape from a sharply pointed ridge to a flat surface, or may combine the both. In areas of much rain or snow, roofs are usually built very high. The space under the roof may be used in a number of ways, according to the size of the building. Generally speaking, roofs have three purposes. They protect the interior of the house against the weather, (2) prevent the escape of heat from the interior during the cold weather, and are decorative.

22. The foundations can be of many types, but since they form the base of the whole structure, they must be adequate to support its weight, distributing this as evenly as possible over the ground. In stonework or brick buildings the bearing walls support the floors of the various storeys, besides putting a wall round the building and keeping apart from its surroundings. In buildings of steel or reinforced concrete, the walls serve only as screens for enclosing and isolating the rooms. The foundations can be of many types, but since they form the base of the whole structure, they must be adequate to support its weight, distributing this as evenly as possible over the ground. In stonework or brick buildings the bearing walls support the floors of the various storeys, besides putting a wall round the building and keeping apart from its surroundings. In buildings of steel or reinforced concrete, the walls serve only as screens for enclosing and isolating the rooms.

23. A new development in the construction of tall buildings has taken place within the last few years. The early high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Economically and competitively has reinforced concrete ever since been used in a number of structures for many purposes. The buildings from 50 to 110 storeys high are now being built all over the United States. Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid. A new development in the construction of tall buildings has taken place within the last few years. The early high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Economically and competitively has reinforced concrete ever since been used in a number of structures for many purposes. The buildings from 50 to 110 storeys high are now being built all over the United States. Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid.

24. generally adv. In a general way, considering without details or specific cases comprise 大体上 e.g. The system has generally been found very easy to use. shelter n. a place to live, considered as one of the basic needs of life. 栖身之地 e.g. they are in desperate need of food, clothing and shelter. New Words and Phrases complex adj. consisting of many different parts or processes that are closely connected 结构复杂的 e.g. There is a complex network of roads round the city. honeycomb n. a structure made by bees, which consists of many six- sided cells in which honey is stored 蜂巢 e.g. This building likes a honeycomb.

25. Intensive Reading 1. It must provide space for specific use and services as elevators or stair-ways for its users. 它必须为居民提供特殊功能的用地和设施，如电梯或楼梯。 它必须为居民提供特殊功能的用地和设施，如电梯或楼梯。 2. The framework, when construction of steel, is a complex cage of horizontal girders and vertical columns. 钢结构的框架是由水平梁的和垂直柱组成的复杂的笼形结构。 钢结构的框架是由水平梁的和垂直柱组成的复杂的笼形结构。 Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid. 3. Greater height needs increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid. 建筑物的高度较大时，必须增大柱子和梁的尺寸，以便增大它 的刚度。 建筑物的高度较大时，必须增大柱子和梁的尺寸，以便增大它 的刚度。

26. 4. 4. It can vary in sharp from a sharply pointed ridge to a flat surface, or may combine the both. 它的形状是个是各式各样的，从尖顶式到平顶式，或 者两者兼有。

27. EXERCISES EXERCISES I. Complete the sentences with the given words or expressions. Change the form where necessary. I. Complete the sentences with the given words or expressions. Change the form where necessary. be adequate serve a number of protect…from vary keep…from support be adequate serve a number of protect…from vary keep…from support 1 Foreign languages can ____ as a tool. 1 Foreign languages can ____ as a tool. 2 Our subjects _______ architectural engineering, mechanics, mathematics and English. 2 Our subjects _______ architectural engineering, mechanics, mathematics and English. 3 We should _______our plants_______ the cold. 3 We should _______our plants_______ the cold. 4 A dam is a wall that holds back water and ____ it ____ running away. 4 A dam is a wall that holds back water and ____ it ____ running away. 5 The water in the reservoir is not __________ to meet the needs of the local people. 5 The water in the reservoir is not __________ to meet the needs of the local people. 6 We have to _______ the roof with pillars. 6 We have to _______ the roof with pillars. 7 The walls can be made of __________ materials: stone, brick or cement blocks. 7 The walls can be made of __________ materials: stone, brick or cement blocks. 8 Roofs _______ in shape from place to place. 8 Roofs _______ in shape from place to place. comprise support a number of adequate serve serve keeps from protect from vary

28. Translate the following words or phrases into English Translate the following words or phrases into English 1. The bearing walls 2. sceens 3. horizontal girders 4. vertical columns 5. a complex cage 6. honeycomb bricks 7. wood girders 8. steel girders 9.the roof with a sharply pointed ridge 10.the roof with a flat surface 11.high-rise buildings 12. inner and outer walls 1. 承重墙 2. 隔板 3. 水平梁 4. 垂直柱 5. 笼形结构 6. 蜂窝砖 7. 木梁 8. 钢梁 9. 尖顶式屋顶 10. 平顶式屋顶 11. 高层建筑 12. 内墙和外墙

29. GUIDED WRITING Notice ( 通知 ) 通知是上级对下级、组织对成员或平级单位 之间部署工作、传达事务或召开会议等所使用的 应用文。通知的写法有两种：一种是以布告形式 贴出，把事项通知有关人员，通常不用称呼；另 一种是以书信的形式分别发给有关人员，此种通 知的写作形式与普通书信基本相同。写通知时要 求言简意赅，只要将内容表达清楚、完整就可以 了。 通知是上级对下级、组织对成员或平级单位 之间部署工作、传达事务或召开会议等所使用的 应用文。通知的写法有两种：一种是以布告形式 贴出，把事项通知有关人员，通常不用称呼；另 一种是以书信的形式分别发给有关人员，此种通 知的写作形式与普通书信基本相同。写通知时要 求言简意赅，只要将内容表达清楚、完整就可以 了。

30. Notice on the Bulletin Board （布告形式的通知） 此类通知通常在上方的正中写 Notice （通知），发出通知的单位名称可放在正文 前，也可放在正文后的右下角处；发出通知 的日期可写在左下角处，也可在文中写明。 此类通知通常在上方的正中写 Notice （通知），发出通知的单位名称可放在正文 前，也可放在正文后的右下角处；发出通知 的日期可写在左下角处，也可在文中写明。

31. Sample Sample Notice Notice Class 1, Grade 3, A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom next Wednesday, March 15th, 2006, at 4:30 p.m.. A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom next Wednesday, March 15th, 2006, at 4:30 p.m.. It will be a lively discussion. At the end of the meeting Professor Smith from American will give us some advice on the language learning. It will be a lively discussion. At the end of the meeting Professor Smith from American will give us some advice on the language learning. All the students of our class are expected to be present on time. 三年一班 : 我班决定于下周三（ 3 月 15 日）下午 4:30 在本班教室召开会议， 讨论如何学习英语这一主题。讨论将会非常激烈。会后，来自美 国的史密斯教授将会就语言学习给我们一些建议。要求大家准时 参加。 我班决定于下周三（ 3 月 15 日）下午 4:30 在本班教室召开会议， 讨论如何学习英语这一主题。讨论将会非常激烈。会后，来自美 国的史密斯教授将会就语言学习给我们一些建议。要求大家准时 参加。

32. Thank you