1. TIME USE AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN KOREA: DIFFERENCES IN PAID, UNPAID AND NON-PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES Mi Young An Kookmin University International Seminar on Gender Statistics Incheon, Republic of Korea 12-14 November 2013

2. Demographic, social-economic changes

3. Changes in living arrangements One generation TwoThree & fourTotal 19607.564.328.2100 19706.870.023.2100 19809.073.217.8100 199012.074.113.9100 199514.773.711.6100 200017.172.910.1100 200520.670.58.9100 Table 1. Distribution of households by number of generations in Korea (%)

4. Continued OneTwoThree/fourFive & overAverage Household Size 19602.37.126.564.15.6 19703.79.427.859.15.2 19804.810.534.849.94.5 19909.013.848.628.63.7 199512.717.352.117.93.3 200015.519.152.013.43.1 200520.022.247.99.92.9 Table 2. Distribution of households by number of household members in Korea (%)

5. Defining paid and unpaid work  Definitions for paid and unpaid work informed by the System of National Accounts (SNA). The SNA has established rules that countries must use in calculating Gross Domestic Product (GDP). More specifically, only those activities that fall within the production boundary of the SNA should be included when calculating GDP. This production boundary includes all production of goods and services for the market as well as the production of goods for personal consumption. As such, the boundary includes subsistence production, unpaid work in the family business, and even the collection of fuel and water. The SNA recognizes that the production boundary does not cover all forms of work or production. In particular, the boundary excludes unpaid production of services, which is normally referred to as household maintenance and family care.  Paid Work(SNA work): All activities classified under the employment category, including time spent for work-related travel.  Unpaid Care Work (extended SNA work): All activities related to household maintenance, family care, and voluntary service (e.g., help for others in the community). In addition, family care and help for others in the community has been combined into “personal care”. Therefore, extended SNA work includes household maintenance and personal care.  Non-productive work: All other activities

6. Identification of key determinants of time spent on care Coef.Std.ErrtP>t 19992004199920041999200419992004 Male -228.7- 203.2 1.21.3-181.4-146.60.000 Married 85.763.61.71.949.433.10.000 Employed -126.9- 127.3 1.31.5-93.3-83.30.000 Childed 93.4130.31.52.061.663.80.000 LowEd 0.71.71.92.24.10.70.6840.444 HighEd 1.63.81.7 9.32.20.3510.026 Age 15.516.40.2 796.074.00.000 Age squared -0.1-1.5.00-724.4-64.80.000 Constant -146.4- 157.1 3.43.8-422.3-41.20.000 Table 3. Regression outputs on duration of time spent on unpaid care work, 1999, 2004

7. Continued Coef.Std.ErrtP>t 19992004199920041999200419992004 Male -106.9-88.21.61.8-64.7-48.30.000 Married 98.079.72.32.641.729.80.000 Employed -82.5-90.21.61.9-49.5-46.80.000 Childed 165.2180.71.72.395.377.10.000 LowEd -17.9-9.82.42.9-7.3-3.30.0000.001 HighEd 10.29.72.02.14.94.60.000 Age 8.88.90.20.330.628.80.000 Age squared -0.09-0.1.0 -30.4-28.80.000 Constant -278.7-256.55.05.5-55.2-46.40.000 Table 4. Regression outputs on duration of time spent on person care, 1999, 2004

8. Time spent on paid work and unpaid care work Table 5. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by sex (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR MaleSNA work22602160 Household maintenance136237 Person care115117 FemaleSNA work13421242 Household maintenance11831182 Person care340339

9. Continued Table 6. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by Sex and Age Group (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR Male 10-14 SNA work0.10 Household maintenance0.51523 Person care0.10.428 15-64 SNA work26682568 Household maintenance136137 Person care116119 65+ SNA work12491249 Household maintenance354359 Person care114115 Female 10-14 SNA work0.1 00 Household maintenance131035 Person care0.30.8310 15-64 SNA work15461447 Household maintenance12871185 Person care345444 65+ SNA work837736 Household maintenance12901293 Person care1211

10. Continued Table 7. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by Sex and Education (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR Male Low SNA work22681967 Household maintenance2542 Person care1141 Middle SNA work30792876 Household maintenance137141 Person care118120 High SNA work136138 Household maintenance354359 Person care121123 Female Low SNA work15531248 Household maintenance13951395 Person care2251 Middle SNA work15491549 Household maintenance15941495 Person care458454 High SNA work17511650 Household maintenance11851084 Person care552551

11. Continued Table 8. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by Sex and Marital Status (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR Male Single SNA work11301132 Household maintenance131130 Person care0.5516 Married SNA work29792878 Household maintenance138241 Person care121124 Divorced/ Widowed SNA work19561756 Household maintenance463471 Person care1141 Female Single SNA work10281131 Household maintenance253248 Person care0.38 7 Married SNA work14481346 Household maintenance16981598 Person care460559 Divorced/ Widowed SNA work13451243 Household maintenance11901193 Person care125123

12. Continued Table 9. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by Sex and Children Status (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR Male With preschool children SNA work31803285 Household maintenance132136 Person care238251 Without preschool children SNA work20561956 Household maintenance137138 Person care19111 Female With preschool children SNA work934933 Household maintenance14911498 Person care10831398 Without preschool children SNA work14441343 Household maintenance11811080 Person care128129

13. Continued Table 10. Time on Paid and Unpaid Care Work by Sex and Work Status (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 MPTPRMPTPR Male Working SNA work34893286 Household maintenance136138 Person care117120 Not Working SNA work1718 Household maintenance2382 Person care111112 Female Working SNA work28862683 Household maintenance1089987 Person care237236 Not Working SNA work1516 Household maintenance12621279 Person care4424

14. Continued Table 11. Time on Work and Care by Household Type (%), 1999 and 2004 19992004 SNA Work Household maintenance Person care SNA Work Household maintenance Person care Male Ch+Ad18471291101747130113 Ch+Ad+O ld 16461301121444131115 Ad29761391202773140122 Ad+Old23652421172265242115 Old14553611121354464114 Ch+Old520140111416137110 Female Ch+Ad11359732361034970240 Ch+Ad+O ld 1139976230933972235 Ad1546139255215481189546 Ad+Old1448128833813461388334 Old1249149721810461497118 Ch+Old6259801305211080127

15. Valuation and comparison of unpaid care work Table 12. Unpaid Care Work and Person Care as Percentage of GDP: Different Approaches Unpaid care workPerson care MaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotal Average earnings for all employed 62429268 Average waged of all employees 52429268 Average generalist wage --18--5 Average domestic worker wage --19--5

16. Continued Table 13. Total Value of Unpaid Care Work and Person by Year (Thousand Million Won): Different Approaches Unpaid care workPerson care MaleFemaleTotalMaleFemaleTotal Average earnings for all employed 46,530183,659225,12518,68443,24059,335 Average waged of all employees 41,297185,944222,68516,58343,77758,692 Average generalist wage--138,086--36,395 Average domestic worker wage --144,861--38,180

17. Thank you very much