1. A Basic History

2. Signal fire

3. Hebrew shofar

4. Roman bucina

5. Cavalry bugle

6. Semaphore tower

7. Writing

8. What is writing? Turning sound symbols (talking) into visual symbols Turning sound symbols (talking) into visual symbols Sound symbols are gone in an instant Sound symbols are gone in an instant Visual symbols can last forever Visual symbols can last forever

9. Lascoux Cave painting ca. 17,000 BCE Just a noun and a verb Just a noun and a verb

10. Marriage contract ca. 17,000 BCE - pictures reduced to essentials

11. Pictures for abstractions

12. Means “Man”

13. Means “Soul”

14. Hieroglyph syllables

15. Hieroglyph letter - L

17. Evolution of pictures to symbols

18. Cuneiform

19. Phoenician traders

20. Symbols become an alphabet Phoenician ca. 1050 BCE

21. ST What’s the word?

22. Greek alphabet added vowels

23. Caen

24. L’chaim loch

25. Hand written lasted 1000 years

26. Illuminated text

27. First change from handwriting to printing came in 888 CE The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, created with block printing

28. Chinese block printing – ca. 1000 CE

29. Entire page with one block

30. Chinese type – entire words ca. 1040 CE

31. Another little side trip

32. The Black Death – 1347-1351

33. After the Black Death people had two things: After the Black Death people had two things: Lots of money Lots of money A desire to enjoy life A desire to enjoy life Fun and games like fairs and celebrations Fun and games like fairs and celebrations The fanciest clothes they could afford The fanciest clothes they could afford

34. The rich wore silk and gold wire The rich wore silk and gold wire The middle class wore woolens The middle class wore woolens Everyone wore linen, especially -- Everyone wore linen, especially --

35. Linen underwear

36. What this has to do with printing What was necessary to printing was paper What was necessary to printing was paper The only thing available up to this time was parchment, expensive and uncommon The only thing available up to this time was parchment, expensive and uncommon Linen sheets and underwear wore out and were thrown away Linen sheets and underwear wore out and were thrown away Linen rags can be turned into paper Linen rags can be turned into paper

38. Now there’s plenty of paper Now there’s plenty of paper Everyone uses it as trade and investing increases Everyone uses it as trade and investing increases Contracts Contracts Record keeping Record keeping However, because of the Black Death there weren’t enough scribes for all the paperwork However, because of the Black Death there weren’t enough scribes for all the paperwork Something had to be done Something had to be done

39. The next, and greatest change in printing came in 1450 CE

40. Johannes Gutenberg c. 1398-1468

43. Moveable Type

44. Gutenberg Press

46. William Caxton – First printer in English

47. Spelling was idiosyncratic

48. Knight

49. Knife

50. First Folio of Shakespeare

51. Images could be printed

53. Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette

54. American Magazine - 1758

55. Poor Richard’s Almanack

56. Paine’s Common Sense

57. Sheet-fed rotary press - 1863

58. Roll-fed rotary press - 1866

59. Mergenthaler’s Linotype Machine - 1884

60. Newspapers Started in the early 1600s Started in the early 1600s Corontos, one page Dutch news sheets imported to England Corontos, one page Dutch news sheets imported to England Diurnals – English news sheets started 1641 Diurnals – English news sheets started 1641

61. First American newspaper

62. Boston News-Letter – 1704

63. New-England Courant

65. Zenger’s Weekly Journal

66. Effects of these 3 newspapers a newspaper with popular support could challenge authority a newspaper with popular support could challenge authority financial independence can lead to editorial independence financial independence can lead to editorial independence government should not control the press because it can stifle the truth government should not control the press because it can stifle the truth

67. The Daily Sun

68. Joseph Pulitzer

69. William Randolph Hearst

70. Explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor

71. Canons of Journalism and Statement of Principles – 1923 “The right of a newspaper to attract and hold readers is restricted by nothing but considerations of public welfare.” The beginnings of the modern ideal of journalism: be objective, don’t be sensationalistic, operate for the public good

72. Magazines

73. American magazines – 1740s

74. Saturday Evening Post

75. Keys to success Rapidly rising literacy rates Rapidly rising literacy rates Lower printing costs Lower printing costs Spread of social movements like abolition and labor reform Spread of social movements like abolition and labor reform Made for compelling reading Made for compelling reading The use of specialty writers rather than general reporters or book authors The use of specialty writers rather than general reporters or book authors

76. Growth of magazines Rise of women’s magazines that advertisers loved Rise of women’s magazines that advertisers loved Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing rates for magazines Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing rates for magazines Railroads crisscrossing the entire country Railroads crisscrossing the entire country Made magazines the first truly national medium Made magazines the first truly national medium

77. Life Magazine