1. Lifespan Development
Tracing the physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development from birth to death.

2. Developmental Psychology
The study of how people change from birth to old age.
Examines how and why changes occur
Emotional, Physical, Cognitive, Social
Essential Questions
How much do individuals differ from each other (diversity vs. universality)
How much does one individual differ over time (stability vs. change)
Is our growth the result of nature or nurture?

3. How do we study “development”?
Method
Example
Pros/Cons?
Cross-Sectional
Does driving ability decrease with age?
Study spatial abilities of individuals at various ages (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 year-olds)
Spatial ability decline may indicate worsened driving skills?
Inexpensive and quick
Avoids high dropout rate
Differences across age groups may be due to cohort differences rather than age.
Longitudinal
How do a person’s morals evolve over time?
Give examples of moral dilemmas and measure responses.
Take the SAME GROUP OF PEOPLE over the course of SEVERAL YEARS and study their individual changes
Rich detail dependent mostly on time only
Eliminates differences due to cohorts
Expensive and time consuming
Potential for high attrition rate-participants may drop out
Biographical or Retrospective (Case study)
How does isolation affect a child?
Study of Genie?
Generate great detail
recall often untrustworthy
Time consuming and expensive.

4. Babies Prenatal and Infant Development
What factors can affect children before birth?
What can newborn babies do?

5. The Progression of Prenatal Development
Prenatal Development-the stage of development from conception to birth.
Embryo-a developing human between 2 weeks and 3 months after conception.
Fetus-a developing human between 3 months after conception and birth.
Placenta-an organ that nourishes the embryo and fetus.

6. Developmental Disturbances
Teratogens-toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects.
Critical period-a time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect.

7. Effects of Teratogens
Alcohol is the drug most often abused by pregnant women (Riley et al., 2003).
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments. (1973)
Excerpt: The Broken Cord
Smoking
Cause of over 100,000 miscarriages a year.
Babies are more likely to suffer low birth weight which is liked to other developmental problems.

8. Prenatal Development
Week by week development

10. *Neonates- newborn babies.
Reflexes
Rooting
Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its cheek and gropes around with mouth
Sucking
Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth
Swallowing
Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without choking
Grasping
Close fist around anything placed in their hand
Stepping
Stepping motions made by an infant when held upright

11. Reflexes (Cont.) Babinski Moro Crawling
When the sole of a baby’s foot is touched, the toes curl up and out
Moro
The “Startle Reflex”
Babies arms will open when startled, then will be brought in close to the body
Crawling
When placed on the stomach, a baby will make a crawling motion

12. Temperament Temperament is cyclical
Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation
Thomas and Chess identified three basic types of babies
Easy
Good-natured, easy to care for, adaptable
Difficult
Moody and intense, react to new situations and people negatively and strongly
Slow-to-warm-up
Inactive and slow to respond to new things, and when they do react, it is mild
Kagan’s “Shy Child”
Temperament is cyclical
May predict temperament later in life

13. Perceptual Abilities Habituation Example - Learning Vision
Clear for 8-10 inches
Good vision by 6 months
Preferences:
Depth perception
Visual cliff research
Other senses
Ears are functional prior to birth
Infants particularly tune in to human voices
Taste and smell are fully functional

17. Check Your Understanding
Two reflexes normally disappear after two to three months. They are
a. Sucking and swallowing
b. Grasping and rooting
c. Stepping and grasping
d. Stepping and rooting
Temperament differences in babies are attributable to
a. Biological factors
b. maternal emotions during pregnancy
c. Parental reactions to an infant’s crying after a baby’s birth
d. All of the above
Newborns prefer looking at what kind of patterns?
a. Colorful ones
b. Moving ones
c. Contrasting ones

18. Do young children think differently from adults?
Infancy and Childhood
Do young children think differently from adults?
What are the steps of physical, cognitive, moral, and social development?

19. Physical Development
Children grow about 10 inches and gain about 15 pounds in first year
Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1 inch overnight
Growth slows during second year

20. Social Development
What are the most important aspects of a child’s physical, psychological, social, emotional, and cognitive development?
Nature vs. Nurture- Is a child capable of interacting, learning, etc. because of inherited intelligence?
Is parental scaffolding essential to growth?
How important is social interaction with other children?
Education?
How can we study the relative influence of natural, biological development and the influence of parents and peers?

21. The Case of Genie Father was abusive Thought she was mentally retarded
Isolated her in a room
Fed her enough to sustain life
Abused her
Strapped her to a “potty chair”
This is an extreme case- What happens when children are simply “neglected”?

22. Motor/Memory Development
Developmental norms
Ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones
Maturation
Automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of passage of time
Memory not solidified until after 3rd birthday
Known as “infantile amnesia”
Development of hippocampus?

23. Journal Entry:
How do you decide when to break rules or not?

24. Jean Piaget Swiss psychologist (1896-1980)
Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget Swiss psychologist ( )
Most influential theorist in the area of cognitive development.
Believed that cognitive development is a way of adapting to the environment.
In his view, children are intrinsically motivated to explore and understand things.
Progress through 4 basic stages of cognitive development.

25. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sensory-Motor Stage (birth to 2 years)
Object permanence
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Egocentric; Conservation errors; Animism; Artificialism
Concrete Operations (7-11 years)
Principles of conservation; Reversibility
Formal Operations (11-15 years)
Understand abstract ideas

27. Criticisms of Piaget's Theory
Distinct stages in cognitive development that are progressed through in order?
Infants do not understand world?
Social interaction in cognitive development?
Lee Vygotsky and “scaffolding”
Methods?

28. “Heinz dilemma”
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her: a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only come up with about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No.” The husband got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife. (Kohlberg, 1969)
*Should the husband have done that? Why?

29. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (3:24)
Preconventional (preadolescence)
“Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or seek reward
Conventional (adolescence)
Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later adolescence, becoming a good citizen
Postconventional
Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice, equality, and liberty
What makes for a good society? Is society right?

30. Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Research shows that many people never progress past the conventional level
Theory does not take cultural differences into account
Theory is considered by some to be sexist in that girls often scored lower on tests of morality

31. Language Development Cooing (2-3 months) Babbling (3-4 months)
Non-descript sounds
Babbling (3-4 months)
Make the sounds of all language
Grunts, “ba”, “da”
Intonation (4-6 months)
Rising and lowering of pitch
Can distinguish between own language and foreign language
By 1 year, babies use intonation to communicate
Excitement, Anger, Curiosity

32. Language Dev’t (cont.)
By 6 months, babies can recognize their own names
First words (12 months)
Dada
Holophrases (12-18 months)
One word sentence
“Up!”, “Down!”, “More!”

33. Language (con’t) Naming (1-2 years) Short Sentences (2 years)
“Dog!” (very often used incorrectly for objects of any similarity)
Short Sentences (2 years)
“My ball”, “I do it”
Long sentences (2-3 years)
“Lea sad” becomes “Lea is sad”
Overregularizaton
“Goed” instead of “went”
Good news: These kids get the basic rules
By 5-6, vocabulary is 2,500 words

34. Theories of Language Development
Skinner theorized that language develops as parents reward children for language usage
Repeating a baby’s noise
Congratulating them for communicating
Chomsky proposed the language acquisition device
A neural mechanism for acquiring language presumed to be “wired into” all humans
Criticism: Children who were not “reinforced” as often (grew up in institutions or homes) developed more slowly

35. Language Development
Bilingualism and the development of a second language
When small children learn two languages at once, they have one Broca’s area
When adolescents learn a second language, two Broca’s areas are needed

36. Social Development Parent-Child Relationships in Childhood
Relationships with self and peers

37. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development
Stage
Conflict
Important Event
Description
Infancy (0-18 mo)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Feeding

38. Development of Attachment
Imprinting (Lorenz):
Tendency to follow the first moving thing seen
Occurs in many species of animals- not humans!
If we hatched a chick and put a dog in front of it, the dog becomes the Mommy.
Attachment
Humans form a bond with those who care for them in infancy
Based upon interaction with caregiver
Harlow revisitied
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Autonomy
Sense of independence
Socialization
Process by which children learn appropriate attitudes and behaviors

39. Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

42. Secure
Will explore freely while the mother is present, will engage with strangers, will be visibly upset when the mother departs and happy to see the mother return
Child will not engage with a stranger if their mother is not in the room
Knowledge of a “secure base”

43. Anxious-Ambivalent (or Resistant) Insecure
Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present
Child is extremely distressed when mother departs
When mother returns, child will remain close to the mother but resentful and resistant when the mother initiates attention
Baby may also hit or push his mother and doesn’t “cling”

44. Anxious-Avoidant Insecure
Will avoid or ignore the caregiver - showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns
May run away from his caregiver when they approach and fail to cling to them when they pick him up
The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. Strangers will not be treated much differently from the caregiver
There is not much emotional range displayed regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty.

46. Relationships With Other Children
Solitary play
Children first play by themselves
Parallel play
As they get older, children play side-by-side with other children, but not interacting
Cooperative play
By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with others

47. Relationships With Other Children
Peer group
A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support
When children start school, peers begin to have greater influence
Non-shared environment
Unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings

48. When Attachment Goes Wrong
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Inappropriate behaviors in social contexts
Inhibited vs. disinhibited
Eastern European Orphanages
Genie Today

49. Do Now: How do your parents react when you:
Receive a good grade on your report card?
Have a good game or performance?
Receive a bad grade on your report card?
Come home after your curfew?
Get a driving ticket?

50. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Permissive-indulgent
Parents are very attentive and supportive, but do not set limits on behavior
Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control
Permissive-indifferent
Parents have too little control and often are indifferent and neglectful
Children tend to become overly dependent and lack social skills and self-control

51. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Tightly control children’s behavior and insist on obedience
Can produce children who have poor communication skills, who are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful
Authoritative
Parents provide firm structure, but are not overly controlling
Parents listen to their children’s opinions and explain their decisions, bur are still clearly in charge
Children tend to become self-reliant and socially responsible

52. Scenario
You receive a bad grade on your report card (not that this would ever happen to you)…
You walk in the door and your parent….

53. Role Play!!!
Read your assigned parenting style and reenact a scenario in which the parent displays this behavior and the child reacts

54. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
For your assigned stage, you must:
Define stage (w/ ages)
Explain the “conflict” and the main “question” that needs to be answered
Give an example of how one might resolve this conflict
State the consequence of failing to resolve this conflict
Create a bumper sticker with a slogan and picture of a person who is in this stage

55. Sex-Role Development Gender identity Gender constancy
Knowledge of being a boy or girl
Occurs by age 3
Gender constancy
Child realizes that gender cannot change
Occurs by age 4 or 5

56. Sex-Role Development Gender-role awareness Gender stereotypes
Knowing appropriate behavior for each gender
Gender stereotypes
Beliefs about presumed characteristics of each gender
Sex-typed behavior
Socially defined ways to behave different for boys and girls
May be at least partly biological in origin

57. Adolescence

58. Social Changes Consequence of early and late developers
Adolescent sexual activity
Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females between 15 and 19 have had intercourse
Average age for first intercourse is 16 for boys and 17 for girls
Teenage pregnancy
Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last 50 years
Highest in U.S. of all industrialized nations- Why?

59. Social Development (Cont.)
Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity crisis- Intense period of self-exploration
Forming an identity
Achievement
Successfully find identity
Foreclosure
Settle for identity others wish for them
Foreclosure and homosexuality?
Moratorium
Explore various identities
Diffusion
Resistance to “find themselves”

60. Cognitive Changes Imaginary audience Personal fable Invulnerability
Adolescent delusion that everyone else is always focused on them
Can lead to self-esteem issues (if they expect others perceive them negatively)
Satisfaction in appearance related to higher self esteem- why?
Personal fable
Delusion that they are unique and very important
Invulnerability
Nothing can harm them
Invulnerability and Driving

61. “Storm” and “Stress” of Adolescence
It has been observed in the past that adolescents are overly stressed and can exhibit that through their “attitudes” or behavior
Many have believed that hormones make teenagers more stressed
Truth: 75% are content and had positive self-images
Those who don’t- Constantly being controlled, as in where to go and when to sleep/wake up, contributes to stress (schedules that don’t match their biological clocks)

62. Social Changes Relationships with peers Relationships with parents
Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with similar interests and strong mutual attachment
Unisex at first, then mixed-sex, then couples
less group-oriented, more about dating
Relationships with parents
Adolescents test and question every rule and guideline from parents

63. Adolescence and Suicide
Suicide is the sixth leading cause of death among those 5-14 years old.
Suicide is the third leading cause of death among those years old.
Between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, the suicide rate among U.S. males aged more than tripled (from 6.3 per 100,000 in 1955 to 21.3 in 1977). Among females aged 15-24, the rate more than doubled during this period (from 2.0 to 5.2). The youth suicide rate generally leveled off during the 1980s and early 1990s, and since the mid-1990s has been steadily decreasing.
Between , the suicide rate for African-American males aged has also doubled.
Risk factors for suicide among the young include suicidal thoughts, psychiatric disorders (such as depression, impulsive aggressive behavior, bipolar disorder, certain anxiety disorders), drug and/or alcohol abuse and previous suicide attempts, with the risk increased if there is situational stress and access to firearms.

64. Other Suicide Statistics
Over 36,000 people in the United States die by suicide every year.
Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death for adults between the ages of 18 and 65 years in the United States.
Currently, suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States.
A person dies by suicide about every 15 minutes in the United States.
Every day, approximately 101 Americans take their own life.
There are an estimated 8-25 attempted suicides for every suicide death.
Nearly 1,000,000 people make a suicide attempt every year.
Men are nearly 4 times more likely to die by suicide than women. Women attempt suicide 3 times as often as men.
Suicide rates are highest for people between the ages of 40 and 59.
White individuals are most likely to die by suicide, followed by Native American peoples. Click here to view.

65. Why?
The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain

66. Adulthood

67. Love, Partnerships, and Parenting
Forming partnerships (1:15)
First major event of adulthood is forming and maintaining close relationships
Parenthood
Having children alters dynamics of relationships
Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of child
Divorce
Unlucky March?

68. Other Issues The World of Work Cognitive Changes
Balancing career and family obligations is a challenge
United States vs. Europe*
Cognitive Changes
Thinking is more flexible and practical- realize that there can be more than one correct answer!
Vocabulary and Verbal memory increase through 50s; Reasoning and spatial awareness increase through 40s; perceptual speed declines at 25; math skills decline at 40
Can be improved with rehearsal!! (Don’t stop doing crosswords)

69. Other issues Personality Changes The "Change of Life"
Psychological health increases
Less self-centered, better coping skills
Some men and women have a midlife crisis- 10%
Vs. midlife transition- reassess and recreate goals
The "Change of Life"
Menopause
Reproduction ceases

70. Empty Nest Myth
Article by Lindsay Lyon

71. Late Adulthood

72. Physical Changes
In late adulthood, physical deterioration is inevitable
A person’s response to these changes are important- “You’re only as old as you feel.”
98 year old playing the piano

73. Social Development Independent and satisfying lifestyles Retirement-
Most people will stop working and face challenges with that sudden change
Sexual behavior-
Research shows that many older couples continue to be sexually active

74. Social Development Integrity vs. Despair
What are the most common regrets of those who are at the end of life?

75. Cognitive Changes
Research has demonstrated that those who continue to “exercise” their mental abilities can delay mental decline
Alzheimer’s disease afflicts approximately 10% of people over 65 and perhaps as many as 50% of those over 85

76. Death Is it possible to die from a broken heart?
Psychosomatic disorders
Psychological disorders that manifest as physical disorders
Tension headaches, high blood pressure, death?
Dying of a Broken Heart?

77. Evidence
“Stress cardiomyopathy is a condition in which intense emotional or physical stress can cause rapid and severe heart muscle weakness. “
90% of patients are female
Affects contractions of the heart
Different than a typical heart attack

78. Other Psychosomatic Illnesses
Why would stress lead to a “rapid decline” in other patients who are suffering from diseases?
What does stress do to the body?
How are resources “redistributed”?
Where is stress cardiomyopathy? Other psychosomatic consequences?

79. Facing the End of Life Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying Denial Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

80. Do Now:
A 4 year old child is shown a box of crayons and is asked what may be inside. When he guesses that crayons are inside, you show the child that there are actually markers inside. When you ask the child what the next person that walks into the room will think is in the box, the child responds, “markers”. What characteristic is this displaying?
Why do 3 year olds cover their eyes when they play “hide and seek” and expect that you won’t see them?