1. Grounding and Jumpering

2. Temporary Grounding Why is it so important?
De-energized Circuits become energized accidentally
Human Error
Contact with energized circuits
Induced Voltage
Lightning
Faults on adjacent circuits

3. The “A” Approach Aware--see everything-What if?
Adapt--What is this situation ,no standard approach. What if?
Attack—Don’t violate MY zone, I am responsible for me!

4. What Conditions Justify Reviewing Grounding & Jumpering Practices
Increased Fault Current Levels
Increased Conductors per Structure
Increased Conductors per Right-of-Way
Age of Protective Grounding Equipment
Accidents Continue to happen

5. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Equipotential Zone (EPZ):
“Temporary protective grounds shall be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner as to prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences in electrical potential.”
(n)(3)
Question: Is there a difference between:
TRIPPING OR BRACKET GROUNDS
PERSONAL PROTECTION GROUNDING (EPZ)

6. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
From page 11-5 of Encyclopedia of Grounding
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
PERSONAL PROTECTION GROUNDING – EQUIPOTENTIAL ZONE GROUNDING (EPZ)
A COMBINATION of tripping grounds AND personal grounds installed in a method that BONDS the de-energized cables and equipment with ALL other conductive objects within the work site, limiting the VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (Electrical Potential) exposure to a safe value.

7. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Equipotential Zone
Protective Grounding Equipment
Testing
Order of Connection
Order of Removal

8. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Equipotential Zone:
“Temporary protective grounds shall be placed at such locations and arranged in such a manner as to prevent each employee from being exposed to hazardous differences in electrical potential.”
(n)(3)

9. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Protective Grounding Equipment:
“Protective grounding equipment shall be capable of conducting the maximum fault current that could flow at the point of grounding for the time necessary to clear the fault. This equipment shall have an ampacity greater than or equal to that of No. 2 AWG copper.
Protective grounds shall have an impedance low enough to cause immediate operation of protective devices in case of accidental energizing of the lines or equipment.”
(n)(4)

10. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Testing:
“Before any ground is installed, lines and equipment shall be tested and found absent of nominal voltage, unless a previously installed ground is present .”
(n)(5)

12. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Order of Connection:
“When a ground is to be attached to a line or to equipment, the ground-end connection shall be attached first, and then the other end shall be attached by means of a live-line tool.”
(n)(6)

13. IMPORTANT ! - Rubber Gloves are NOT live-line tools
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Order of Connection:
“When a ground is to be attached to a line or to equipment, the ground-end connection shall be attached first, and then the other end shall be attached by means of a live-line tool.”
(n)(6)
IMPORTANT ! - Rubber Gloves are NOT live-line tools

14. Grounding for the Protection of Employees
OSHA 29 CFR Guidelines
Grounding for the Protection of Employees
Order of Removal:
“When a ground is to be removed, the grounding device shall be removed from the line or equipment using a live-line tool before the ground-end connection is removed. ”
(n)(7)

15. Note: All grounding clamps, ferrules and cable meet ASTM F 855
(For the latest information, please reference ASTM F 855 Standard)
1(b). ASTM F 855 DESIGNATION SUMMARY
“Type” – refers to the means of installing a ground clamp
(i.e. eyescrew, tee handle, permanent hot stick).
“Grade” - refers to the withstand rating for the ground clamp
(e.g. "Grade 5" Clamp is rated at 43 kA for 15 cycles).
Type I
Clamps for installation on de-energized conductors are equipped with eyescrews for installation with removable hot sticks.
Type II
Clamps for installation on de-energized conductors have permanently mounted hot sticks.
Type IIII
Clamps for installation on permanently grounded conductors or metal structures have tee handles and eyes or square or hexagon head screw(s), or both.
Grade
Withstand Rating,
Symmetrical kA RMS,
60Hz
15 cycles
(250MS)
30 cycles
(500MS) 1
14.5 10 2 21 15 3 27 20 4 34 25 5 43 30 6 54 39 7 74
“Class” – refers to the clamp jaw surface
(i.e. smooth or serrated).
Class A
Clamp jaws with smooth contact surfaces.
Class B
Clamp jaws with serrations, or cross hatching,
or other mean intended to abrade or bite through corrosion products on the surfaces of the conductor being clamped.

16. Support Studs
Visually and functionally identifies order of removal

17. Effects of Current on Man
*Short shock values for 165 lbs. person
C. F. Dalziel & W. R. Lee, "Lethal Electric Currents“ 1969

18. Most lightning strikes average 2 to 3 miles long and carry a current of 10,000 Amps at 100 million Volts.
The temperature of a typical lightning bolt is hotter than the surface of the Sun!
A single lightning bolt is roughly the same diameter as a US Quarter or Half Dollar coin .
Lightning can strike as far as 20 miles away from the storm.

19. History of Electric Power Generation
1820, Separate experiments by Hans Christian Oersted, A.M. Ampere, and D. Arago confirmed the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Experiments lead to the discovery of flowing electric currents.
1826, George Ohm defines the relationship between power, voltage, current and resistance in “Ohms Law.”
1831, Michael Faraday proves that electricity can be induced by changes in an electromagnetic field. 
1835, Joseph Henry invents the electrical relay, used to send electrical currents long distances.
1860′s, Mathematical theory of electromagnetic fields published. J.C. Maxwell creates a new era of physics when he unifies magnetism, electricity and light. Maxwell’s four laws of electrodynamics (“Maxwell’s Equations”) eventually lead to electric power, radios, and television.
1878, Thomas Edison forms the Edison Electric Light Company in New York City along with JP Morgan who finances the venture.
1879, After many experiments, Thomas Edison creates an incandescent light bulb that could be used for about 40 hours without burning out. By 1880 his bulbs could be used for 1200 hours.
1880 , JP Morgan is first person to have a private residence electrically wired for the new incandescent light bulb.
1882, Thomas Edison opens the world’s first DC generating station on Pearl Street in New York City. 

20. 1883, Nikola Tesla invents the “Tesla coil”, a transformer that changes electricity from low voltage to high voltage making it easier to transport over long distances. The transformer was an important part of Tesla’s alternating current (AC) system, still used to deliver electricity today.
1884, Nikola Tesla arrives in America and starts work with Edison’s Electric Light Company. During this year, Nikola Tesla invents the electric alternator, an electric generator that produces alternating current (AC).
1885, After improving upon Edison’s DC dynamo, Tesla leaves Edison’s company and forms partnership with George Westinghouse after Edison refuses to pay him for his work.
1886, William Stanley develops the induction coil transformer and an alternating current electric system.
1888, Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first “polyphase” alternating current (AC) electrical system. His AC system includes everything needed for electricity production and use such as the electric generator, transformer, transmission system, motors and lights.
1890, War of Currents between Thomas Edison/JP Morgan and Nikola Tesla/George Westinghouse and continues through the 1890’s and early 1900’s.
1892, Anticipating AC to become the dominant form of electric power, JP Morgan gains control of the Edison Electric Light Company and forms General Electric. GE invests heavily into AC power.
1893, The Westinghouse Electric Company used an alternating current (AC) system to light the Chicago World’s Fair. George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla also win contract to build the first hydro electric power plant at Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls Power Co opens in 1896 and supplies power to Buffalo NY.

22. Each Phase Connected to a Driven Ground Rod
Problems
Resistance between grounds.
Does not limit voltage drop across the worker.
Different potentials present.
Long cable lengths.
Does not protect against “step” potential.

23. Equivalent Circuit Diagram Each Phase Connected to a Driven Ground Rod
RJ is the equivalent resistance of the ground leads.
RW is the equivalent resistance of the worker on the structure.
RE is the equivalent resistance of the earth between driven grounds. RJ Rw RE

24. Phases Connected to a Common Ground
Improvements
Reduced resistance between phases.
Results in faster system reaction time.
Problems
Ground resistance in parallel with the work area.
Does not limit voltage drop across the worker.
Does not protect against “step” potential

25. Equivalent Circuit Diagram Phases Connected to a Common Ground
RJ is the equivalent resistance of the ground leads.
RW is the equivalent resistance of the worker on the structure.
RE is the equivalent resistance of the earth between driven grounds. RJ Rw RE

26. Jumpering from Phase to Phase
Improvements
Reduced number of leads to ground.
Eliminates violent reaction of multiple leads to ground.
Minimum resistance between phases, rapid fault clearing.
Problems
Does not limit voltage drop across the worker
Does not protect against “step” potential
Does not create an equi-potential work zone

27. Equivalent Circuit Diagram Jumpering from Phase to Phase
RJ is the equivalent resistance of the ground leads.
RW is the equivalent resistance of the worker on the structure.
RE is the equivalent resistance of the earth between driven grounds. RJ RJ Rw RJ RE

28. Equi-Potential Configuration
Connect to neutral when available
Improvements
Reduced number of leads to ground.
Eliminates long leads to ground.
Puts conductor, work area, and lineman at the same potential. Creates an Equi-Potential work area.
Problems
Does not protect against “step” potential.

29. Equivalent Circuit Diagram Equi-Potential Configuration
Example
Cable  1/0 AWG Copper, 12’ Long
RJ = (12 X .098 mΩ) mΩ = mΩ
RW = 1000 Ω
Fault Current, iF = 12,000 A
Current through the worker by Kirchoff’s Law iW = (RJ)/(RJ+RW) X iF = 18 mA
1.49/(1.49+1,000)x12,000 =18mA
100 mA: Fibrillation can occur
23 mA: Painful & Severe shock RJ RJ Rw RJ

30. Equivalent Circuit Diagram Equi-Potential Configuration
Example
Cable  1/0 AWG Copper, 8’ Long
RJ = (8 X .098 mΩ) mΩ = 1.10 mΩ
RW = 1000 Ω
Fault Current, iF = 12,000 A
Current through the worker by Kirchoff’s Law iW = (RJ)/(RJ+RW) X iF = 13 mA
1.10/(1.10+1,000)x12,000 =13mA
100 mA: Fibrillation occurs
Reducing the cable length 4’ reduced the current through the workers body by 26% RJ RJ Rw RJ

31. HPS Ground Clamp Ratings
IEC / ASTM F855
IEC 35kA
IEC 40kA
IEC 55kA
ASTM Grade 5
ASTM Grade 6
ASTM Grade 5H
ASTM Grade 7H
Determination of clamp / ground set depends on available fault current.

32. Double Point Grounding
Phase Conductor Jumpers
Ground Jumper
Neutral Jumper
Cluster Bar (chain binder) below working position
Jumpers connect all three phases together on each side of the work site.
Jumper connects cluster bar to phases on each side of the work site.
Jumper connects cluster bar to system neutral or a ground rod if a neutral is not available.
Provides additional capacity for larger fault currents, (fault current is divided by Ohm’s Law).
If the job requires breaking the circuit at the work site, double-point grounding must be used.

33. Single Point Grounding
Phase Conductor Jumpers
Ground Jumper
Neutral Jumper
Cluster Bar (chain binder) below working position
Jumpers connect all three phases together.
Jumper connects cluster bar to phases.
Jumper connects cluster bar to system neutral or a ground rod if a neutral is not available.

34. Ground rod test at A.B. Chance Research Center, Centralia, MO
Step & Touch Potential
Ground rod test at A.B. Chance Research Center, Centralia, MO

35. Step Potential (Unprotected)
Dependent upon resistance between “system” ground and workman on the “Earth” ground.
Hazardous voltage potential exists across the workman on the ground.
Solution: Create a zone of Equi-Potential for the workman on the ground.
IFAULT RK RF RF R1 R2 R0

36. Step Potential (Protected)
IFAULT
RK=resistance across the worker.
R0=ground resistance
R1=structure resistance
R2=ground grid resistance
ESTEP=voltage drop across worker
IK=current through the worker
The closer the worker is to the structure the greater the potential rise.
Voltage drop across the worker on the ground is limited by the ground grid.
Unprotected workers should stay clear of the work area around the structure ground. R1 RK
IFAULT
ESTEP R2 IK R0
Potential rise above remote earth during short circuit RK R2 R0 R1

37. Equi-Mat® Ground Grid Protection against step potential.
Portable ground grid provides Equi-Potential work zone for groundman.
Limits hazardous voltage drop across the person due to voltage gradient at the ground site.
Meets or exceeds (New) ASTM F2715

38. Touch Potential (Protected)
IFAULT
RK=resistance across the worker.
R0=ground resistance
R1=ground grid resistance
ETOUCH=voltage drop across worker
IK=current through the worker
The closer the worker is to the structure the greater the potential rise.
Voltage drop across the worker on the ground is limited by the ground grid.
Unprotected workers should stay clear of the work area around the structure ground. R1
ETOUCH RK
IFAULT R0 IK
Potential rise above remote earth during short circuit RK R1 R0

39. Tested to ASTM 2715-09 Standard in Hubbell Short Circuit Lab
Results meet or exceeded ASTM Standards for HPS/Chance Equi-Mat.
Test Duration – 14.5 cycles
Ground fault measured at 1132A at 7680V at ground rod.
3 volts & 3mA measured across man when tested grid up, 4 volts & 4.3mA measured across man when tested grid down.
Mat is designed for grid up use only.

40. Equi-Mat® Ground Grid
Portable ground grid provides Equi-potential work zone for worker.
Protection against step and touch potential.
Limits hazardous voltage drop across the person due to voltage gradient at the work site.
Now available in Slip Resistant material (Black)

41. Touch & Step Potential Protection at Truck Work Site

43. OHSA §1926.959, Mechanical Equipment
OHSA 1926 Subpart E
OHSA § , Mechanical Equipment
(iii) Each employee shall be protected from hazards that might arise from equipment contact with the energized lines. The measures used shall ensure that employees will not be exposed to hazardous differences in potential. Unless the employer can demonstrate that the methods in use protect each employee from the hazards that might arise if the equipment contacts the energized line, the measures used shall include all of the following techniques:
(A) Using the best available ground to minimize the time the lines remain energized,
(B) Bonding equipment together to minimize potential differences,
(C) Providing ground mats to extend areas of Equi-potential, and
(D) Employing insulating protective equipment or barricades to guard against any remaining hazardous potential differences.
Meets or Exceeds ASTM F2715

44. General Worksite Schematic

45. Voltage vs. Distance from Ground Point

46. Protection at Truck Worksite
If equipment is grounded, is it safe?
How do we limit a hazardous voltage in the event the equipment becomes energized?

47. Temporary Grounding Equipment Selection & Location
Choose ground cable with adequate capacity.
Choose ground clamps with adequate current capacity.
Verify system is de-energized.
Clean connections.
Locate clamps for jumpering.
Minimize cable slack.

48. Grounding Cable Selection
Size / Fault Current Withstand Capacity. Ratings at 15 and 30 cycles per ASTM F855
Jacket Color
Yellow, Clear, or Black (Personal preference)
Ferrules
Shrouded or UnShrouded (Depends upon type of stress relief)
Threaded or Smooth (Match to ground clamp terminal)
Copper or Aluminum (Match with the clamp material)
Cable Size
15 Cycles
30 Cycles
ASTM Grade #2
14 kA
10 kA 1
1/0
21 kA
15 kA 2
2/0
27 kA
20 kA 3
4/0
43 kA
30 kA 5

49. Fault Current Withstand Rating

50. Temporary Grounding Cable
#2, 1/0, 2/0, & 4/0 Copper Cable.
Yellow, Black, & Clear Jacket.
Threaded and Plug Type Compression Ferrules (ASTM F855 recommendation).
Copper Ferrules: Use with bronze body clamps.
Aluminum Ferrules: Use with Aluminum body clamps.

51. TAP CLAMPS ARE NOT GROUNDING CLAMPS!!
Key Differences:
Oversized Tap Bolt
Extra clamp for ground cable to
help withstand high mechanical
forces of a fault current
Larger Diameter Eyescrew
with fine threads for
additional clamping force
Much Larger Clamp Mass
Oversized main area
provides larger contact area

52. Ground Clamp Selection
Type: “C” Type, Duckbill, Flat Faced, Tower Type, Ball & Socket.
Fault Current Capacity.
Eye Screw or “T” Handle.
ACME or Fine Thread.
Body: Aluminum or Bronze.
Jaws: Serrated or Smooth.
Terminals: Threaded, Smooth, Pressure Type

53. “C” Type Ground Clamps
Designed for use on wide range of conductor and tubular bus.
Up to Grade 5 rating (43kA)
Available with pressure type or threaded terminals.
Available with serrated jaws or smooth jaws.
Serrated jaws are better able to penetrate corrosion.
Can provide a lower resistance connection when cleaning is impractical.
Tighten the clamp, slightly rotate it, then securely tighten.

54. Flat Face Ground Clamps
Designed for connection to flat surfaces.
Utilizes “set” screw to assist electrical connection.
Available with eye screw or “T” Handle.
Threaded, smooth, or pressure type terminals.

55. Tower Ground Clamps
Designed for making low resistance connection to galvanized steel.
Special “self-cleaning” cutting edges.
Tighten clamp, slightly rotate, then securely tighten.
Pressure - Type Terminal
“T” Handle Screw

56. Duckbill Ground Clamps
Quick installation on range of conductor.
Large “Spring-loaded” Duckbill makes it easy to install.
Available with pressure type or threaded terminals.
Up to Grade 5 rated 15 cycles).

57. Ball and Socket Ground Clamps
Unique design for substations, switchgear, and industrial applications.
Permits installation at various angles.
Available with eyescrew or “T” handle.
Pressure type or threaded type terminals.
Rated up to Grade 5 15 cycles).

58. All Angle Ground Clamps
Ideal for substation and transmission applications.
Installs at a wide range of angles.
Maximum opening of 2.88”.
Rated Grade 5, 15 cycles).
Pressure type or threaded type terminals.
Eye screw or stick mounted.

59. Cutout Grounding Clamps
Ideal for grounding at open points.
Provides physical barrier to prevent accidental closing.
Fits a wide variety of cutout designs.
Rated 30 cycles.

60. Verify system is de-energized
Check meter for continuity
Use appropriate length of stick

61. Clean Connections
Wire Brush
Sand
Minimum - Serrated Jaw Ground Clamp

62. Underground Distribution Ground Set
Provides high visibility ground elbow.
Ground elbow mounts directly to a ground bushing or feed through bushing.
Rated 10 cycles.
Available in single phase and three phase sets.

63. Minimize Cable Length
Demonstrates the violent reaction of the ground clamp and cable during fault currents.

64. Pole Type Ground Set
Includes pre-assembled jumpers with aluminum body clamps and ferrules.
Bottom left is the cluster bracket.

65. Testing Personal Protective Ground Sets

66. 15 kV Vertical Running Corner
Cluster bar mounted below the work area.
Jumper Cluster Bar to neutral.
Jumper neutral to outside phase.
Jumpers connect all three phases together.

67. 15 kV Vertical Deadend Cluster bar mounted below the work area.
Jumper Cluster Bar to neutral.
Jumper neutral to outside phase.
Jumpers connect all three phases together.

68. 15 kV Crossarm Application
Cluster bar mounted below the work area.
Jumper connects Cluster Bar to neutral.
Jumper connects neutral to outside phase.
Jumpers connect all three phases together.

69. Equi-Potential Grounding Why is it Important?
Mandated by OSHA Section “N” Federal law since 1994
Provides employee protection
Provides a Zone of Equi-potential
Provides a path to ground w/ low voltage drop across worker
Requires a Minimum cable size #2 Copper or equivalent
Grounding sets must have low impedance

70. Equi-Potential Grounding Why is it Important?
Recommend periodical testing per ASTM F2249- In Service Test Methods for Grounding Jumper Assemblies
Allows for Single or Double point
Eliminates differences in potential
Backed up by field tests and actual use for over 20 years
Accepted by most utilities and contractors

72. Ground Set Tester Information
Uses D.C. low current test
No need to measure ground leads up to 25 ft
Adapters available for testing all types of grounding components
Will test aluminum as well as copper ferrules
Probing capability to find high resistance areas
Not affected by coiling of the cables
Cable Inductance does not affect readings
Not affected by placement on metal table or on concrete floors

73. Ground Set Tester Comparison
Can test sets w/ spring protectors around ferrules
D.C. designed to give accurate , easy test method
5 volts across set compared to .5 volts for other testers
No need to disassemble elbow grounds or grounded parking stand to test
Two indications of high resistant area, one by digital readout, other red or green pass/fail light
Non Destructive test
No specific cable orientation

74. Why Use Grounding Cable?
Finer stranding makes cable more flexible
Cable tested to carry fault currents
Preferred by ASTM F855-04
Rubber jacket also important for flexibility
Clear jacket offers easy visual inspection of cable
Yellow cable more visible than black