Business Organization

Business Organization
University of Cassino Faculty of Economy Business Organization BUSINESS MANAGEMENT A.Y Prof. Francesco Polese 1

Premises Growing up of business dimensions, developing of business relationships with the market, and the nowadays management procedures have lead to assume for Direction and Organization functions more importance and strategical remarkable contents.

Business Directional Process The function of Business Direction demands the simultaneous assumption of decision actions, of employment of resources, of leading of workers and of appraisal of the performances, according to an integrated cycle that previews for each activity the development of different moments (phases, stages) closely and mutually interdependent.

Business Directional Cycle Planning Decisions Actions Organization Control Direction Actions Evaluation Actions Leading Guide Actions

Business Directional Cycle Every cycle is carried out, in its several moments, by means of the finding, the management and of the communication of informations that flow inside of the enterprise and that must necessarily be integrated with those coming from the outside; in this sense we can speak also about an informative cycle.

Business Organization Environmental Informations
Informative Cycle for Direction Environmental Informations Executive Guidelines Internal Control Data Executive Results

Organizational Function The Enterprise works as a system, constituted from several elements that act for a common purpose, coordinated by means of the accomplishment of specialistic functions and oriented to the attainment of a final (survival) goal . The study of the Organization can be carried out by means of the analysis of the Structural aspect related to the ordering of tasks and responsibilities, and of the Behavioural aspect of the organizational system, considered as a whole.

Organizational Decisions The planning (or re-planning) of the Organization demands the assumption of a set of decisions: Definition of the Objectives Construction of the Organizational Structure Definition ofvertical integration degree (efficient border) Characterization of the Functions (inside the Business System) Analysis of the complex of existing ties (Professional abilities, Investments, Structural costs) Characterization of the strength elements and valorization of the main meaningful potentialities

Organizational Decisions To define an Organizational Structure it is necessary the definition of an outline of connections between the several organizational positions finalized to the activation of authority relationships, of cooperation, information around which the business life is developed, as well as it concerns the “vertical” development, the “horizontal one”, the “cross-sectional one” and “functional one” (of lines or staff). The planning of the structure demands also the definition of procedures (organizational routines) that establish the adoptable behavioral rules for the solution of periodical (or extraordinary) problems; they come planned in starting phase, enriched in itinere for effect of the accumulation of knowledge and experience, and they translate in decisional and operating rules. Therefore we distinguish operative, of control, informative and decisional procedures

Structural Models for Organization Several models of Organizational Structure exist to define the inner articulation of the relationships, the roles and the existing responsibilities in an enterprise: Functional Pattern: Its characteristic: the subdivision of the areas of responsibility for groups of tasks in terms of management functions The definition on which it is based: the function consist of a set of complementary and interdependent tasks and duties (functions) in relation to an aim What is the main principle: the principle of specialization of each operating areas, and of sub-division of the managerial process in connection with the different nature of the problems to train, approaching the responsibles competences according to the kind of task to carry out What it is the limit: possible difficulty of coordination between the different Responsibility Area To who it is apt: to enterprises with greater operating stability

Functional Structural Model Top Government Business Management Business Direction Marketing Management Production Management Human resources Management Administration and Financial Management Sales Office Planning Office Accounting Office Finance Office Public relations Office Customer care Office Plant Office Planning Office Supplies Office Purchase Office Systems and Methods Office Controll Office Production Office

Structural Models for Organization Several models of Organizational Structure exist to define the inner articulation of the relationships, the roles and the existing responsibilities in an enterprise: Divisional Pattern: Its characteristic: the division of the management responsibilities for groups or various families of products, each entrusted to a divisional director, who is the only responsible of economic and operating result (also geographical meaning) The definition on which it is based: the business focuses its attention on the result rather than on the tasks and stimulates the assumption of responsibilities (decentralization) What it is the limit: possible creation of inner conflicts (often it’s due to not the convergence of the specific interests) What is the main principle : the subdivision of the business (enterprise) in more parts, considered distinct centers of profit (and cost) with elevated autonomy, above all operative. To who it is apt: to mainly dynamic enterprises in the (entrepreneurial) managerial behaviors

Business Organization Finance and accounting Gamma Product Division
Multi-divisional Structural Model Top Government Business Management Finance and accounting Human resource Business Direction Alfa Product Division Beta Product Division Gamma Product Division Production Division Plant Division Marketing Division Production Division R&D Division Marketing Division Production Division Planning Division Marketing Division Studies and plan Division Sales Division Budget Division Sales Division Public relation Division Sales Division

Structural Models for Organization Several models of Organizational Structure exist to define the inner articulation of the relationships, the roles and the existing responsibilities in an enterprise: Matrix Pattern: Its characteristic: the corporate structure introduces a reticular character, with interlacing of functional competences, flexible form and interconnection of responsibility (institutionalized evolution of the Organizational plan) The definition on which it is based: the requirement of <<department division>> of the job and the responsibilities What it is the limit: the processes of information and decision can be carried out with a minor tie of institutionalized hierarchical filter What is the main principle: the definition of the amplitude and the limits of the delegation of the directional powers according to the degree of decentralization realized in the government of the business system To who it is apt: to the enterprises highly (deeply) dynamic in the managerial behaviors

Matrix Structural Model Top Government Production Manager Mkt Manager Administration Management Human resources Management Alpha Products Technical Manager Sales Manager Head accountant Human resources Responsible Beta Products Technical Manager Sales Manager Head accountant Human resources Responsible Gamma Products Technical Manager Sales Manager Head accountant Human resources Responsible

Themes Business Functions Purchases/Supply Production Logistics Marketing Quality R&D Definitions Evolution Purchase Mkt Make or buy Suppliers Relationship Suppliers Integration Supply Chain Supply Chain Management 16

Purchases/Supply Purchases Supplies the set of the activities turned to stipulates contracts for the supply of the necessary assets/ services the set of the activities turned to guarantee a regular standard flow of goods and services according to a predetermined business planning Definition operating tasks (even if the managed amounts can be also much considerable) and moderated decisional autonomy greater discretion and delegation Relevance in decisional process The short run trend, with a “passive” attitude to answer the demands for the production The long run trend, with a “proposal” guidance for plans General Framework

Purchases/Supply The purchases office must, at first, comprise the requirements of production (quantity, quality and timing) according to: 1) To estimate and to choice of the suppliers It’s not necessary to put more suppliers in competition and to choose lower purchase price. Risks and opportunities estimation of the only supplier (single sourcing) 2) To deal and to define the conditions: Choosing between open contracts or orders spot. Quality and delivery time turn out critical. The acceptance or test control can be made from the supplier 3) To speed up the deliveries and to define the anomalies: It’s the more delicate phase because the anomalies can have origin from problems of the supplier or inner problems of the plant. In the great enterprises the center purchases function only takes care of the heavy supplies addressed to several plants while the little ones purchases are managed from local offices.

Purchases/Supply The supplying function has acquired during last years an increasing importance and strategic relevance regarding: Purchases relevance, It’s expressed as an added value for line of product, or costs percentage of raw materials on the total costs complexity of the supply market, It’s linked to lack of supply, technological development in new materials, entrance constraints, cost / complexity of logistic factors, any condition of monopoly / oligopoly.

Purchases/Supply There are two paths in the development of the supply function: through materials management, in relation to the recognition of the costs of purchase (more frequently); through the management of the supplying sources, with regard to the strategic or technological criticality of the purchases.

Purchases/Supply Il marketing purchase It’s based on the systematic study of the supply market in order to consider and manage suppliers as a resource. It’s based on procurement mix: Product: = all decisions relating to materials supplied. The product policies are linked to critical state of economic situation and risk of supply. Price = the negotiation of economic conditions and issues related to quality and deliveries impacting on the total cost of supply. Sources supplying = the monitoring of the market supply is finalized to the identification of potential suppliers, their evaluation, selection and qualification, and to verify suppliers related to critical performances Communication = promoting the corporate image towards potential and consolidated suppliers, through financial and technical assistance and through lightness in production schedules

Purchases/Supply Kraljic Matrix Non-critical Items: No important intervention Leverage Items: to optimize costs through the analysis of value and the search for new sources Bottleneck Items: Reliability, deliveries to guarantee also to higher costs Strategic Items: cooperation with the suppliers

Purchases/Supply The outsourcing choices are due to : The search of elasticity margins according to fluctuations in demand; The exploitation of cost differentials; The need to cope with insufficient production capacity; The outsourcing of stages characterized by low crucial degree; The outsourcing working on bulky and weight materials; the outsourcing of parts to be carried in small quantity. The outsourcing choices are due to : - a "positive" attitude of search for greater flexibility, productivity and cost - a “precautionary” attitude link to the will to to relegate outside risk and impediment factors

Purchases/Supply The evaluation of outsourcing choices considers: Internal costs Exsternal Costs purchase price; services charges, if not included in the price, such as transportation (logistics) costs, packaging, insurance and so on; the cost of plants, specific equipment and so on, however charged on customer; financial charges on specific equipment; any increased costs related to initial development the cost of the direct materials; the cost of the direct labor; other variable costs; changes in fixed costs amortization of specific investments; any start-up costs, understood in a broad sense

Purchases/Supply In the relationships with suppliers different requirements must be distinguished: It provides elasticity to the production process in terms of production volumes Specialty sub-supply It is incremental and not internally available, it brings technological expertise not possessed from the purchaser Capacity sub-supply It’s the result of a constant and structured relationship Permanent sub-supply It’s the result of episodic relationship and linked up contingent requirements Occasional sub-supply Suppliers are regarded as business assets : - Investing in suppliers relationship - Consolidating long-term relationships

Purchases/Supply The enterprises reduce the number of their suppliers: Through centralization of same category purchases Standardizing the components and subset Buying units/subunits rather than individual components

Purchases/Supply The development of consolidated suppliers relationship and the sharing of the information on the production plans is finalized to reduce total costs, and to manage efficienlty the storage

Purchases/Supply The consolidation of suppliers relationship requires: organizational integration: to common interbusiness procedures computer science integration: to invest in innterorganizational systems for the exchange/sharing of the data cultural integration: to invest in an acculturation /understanding process Levers of integration Operational Technological Organization - Quality control integrated procedures, sending orders, invoicing, transport, planning and production control Uniformity of language (for example , materials tagging) - New products integrated developing procedures (for example materials and common processes tagging) - Uniformity of language Information technology - Integrated management systems - EDI for launch orders, forecasts, invoices - Integrated planning information systems (CAD-CAM) - EDI for project data communication Culture Uniformity in strategic guidelines on manufacturing (Production flow) - Uniformity of values (Manufacturing excellence, service orientation) - Uniformity in the product design (Modularization, standardization) - Uniformity of values (eg., Technological excellence)

Purchases/Supply The reduction of time to market increases through the establishment of new monitoring tools on the entire supply chain.

Purchases/Supply SUPPLY CHAIN What is Supply chain? Objective of a supply chain Supply Chain Management

Purchases/Supply What is Supply chain? Supplier Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Customer Consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request It refers to the distribution channel of a product, from its sourcing, to its delivery to the end consumer (also known as the value chain). The supply chain is typically comprised of multiple companies who are increasingly coordinating activities via an extranet

Purchases/Supply Objective of a supply chain Maximise overall profit Profit Revenue generated from customer - costs incurred along the entire chain (e.g. manufacturing / storing / distributing the product) When is Supply chain effective? Manage Product, Information and Fund flow

Purchases/Supply Objective is to be able to have the right products in the right quantities (at the right place) at the right moment at minimal cost

Purchases/Supply SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply chain management is the integration of key business processes from end user through original supplier that provides products, services, and information that add value for customers and other stakeholders.

Purchases/Supply Supply chain management is a set of approaches used to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time in order to minimize system wide costs while satisfying service-level requirements.

Purchases/Supply Supply Chain Management Business association Cluster secretariat Education and research organisations Specialised services and closely-related industries (certification, etc.) Producers Distribution Marketing Packaging Technical/technology demonstration centre Technology transfer centre

Purchases/Supply INTERMEDIATE CUSTOMERS SUPPLIERS COMPANY F I N A L C O S U M E R F I N A L C O S U M E R Value Creation (Product/Service Development) Process Information/Demand Flows Sourcing Operations Logistics Value Delivery (Order Fulfillment) Process Value Maintenance (After Sale Service & Support) Process

Enterprise Organization
Topics Business Functions Supply Production Logistics Marketing Quality R&D Definition Production cycle centrality Production process Supply chain, outsourcing Inferences on Strategy Process Organization Production programs and plans Control 38 38

Enterprise Organization Transformation process
Production Definition The production function deal with the transformation process of goods, and with all the operations with which the acquired resources (input) are converted into finished goods (output) for the market INPUT Transformation process OUTPUT Market 39 39

Production Production cycle centrality The production cycle is central in every business, proceeded by the supplying process and followed by distribution, continually interconnected with marketing, design, finance, human resources, R&D Incoming logistics Supplying and raw material management Outgoing logistics Distribution and products delivery and management Production Function Marketing Marketing mix etc. Human resources Jobs organizations and resources management Finance Mng and planning of financial necessities R&D Design, new products development 40 40

Production Production chain Rappresents the system of enterprises involved and participating to the transformation of inputs into finished products, contributing to deliver into final market Outsourcing Enterprises sometimes need external support in logistics, production, finance support, etc., in order to became more flexible in costs (from fixed to variables), financial need decrease, know-how concentration, networks support fulfillment, core business focusing Production de-centralization Growing trend leading to great enterprises transformed in a central unit as controlling and dispatching outside processes and activities, maintaining internally market distribution and overall management and coordination. 41

Production Strategies Choises Focus Price-competition Costs Differentiation Quality Production Choices Focus Mix production definition Mix, Quality, Quantity Plants definition Dimensional targeting, technologies, external services Logistics determinations Vertical integration, production de-centralization 42

Enterprise Organization Cycle characteristics
Production Production organization typologies Production Cycle characteristics Operating process Distinct units/goods Intermittent Lab (job shop) Differentiated mass production Mix Batch Standard mass production Continuous Line production Homogeneous products Continuous Continuous flow production 43

Production Production plants Design Plant capacity to remain competitive under sub-utilization a) Lay out Economic flexibility b) Tech and economical flexibiliy Plant capacity to adapt to different products with low switching costs c) Flexible automation Technical flexibility d) Capacity 44

Production Stocks as a balance between production and selling 45

I. Production system’s Reporting
Enterprise Organization Production Production function organization I. Production system’s Reporting II. Production control systems III. Reactive production systems 46

I. Production system’s Reporting
Enterprise Organization Production I. Production system’s Reporting Production orders Material invoice Operation master lists Material requests reports Work timing reports Resources availability reports Production status report 47

Production A. Production orders Production orders authorize every production unit to process their job B. Materials invoices List of materials composing each product C. Operation master lists List of operation sequence of human resources and machinery necessary for each product D. Material requests reports These requests prepare materials and authorizes their release from stocks for production purposes 48

Production E. Work timing report Useful to document production timing and work management of every production order F. Resources availability reports Detailed stock availability report of materials/products necessary to operations G. Production status report Details completed productions vs orders and how these relate to global production. Orders are monitored and registered 49

Production control systems
Operating units Stocks control Costs accounting General register 3 2 1 Production control Order to production N Production order completed Production reports Journal Voucher Overal cost of production Costs production status To Management 2 Production order completed 50

Just-In-Time Production
Enterprise Organization Production Just-In-Time Production Just-in-time Production (JIT) describes a production systems in which parts (Components and mid-products) are produces only if requested by following production phases JIT system is different for limited stock levels in all production phases 51

III. Quick response production systems
Enterprise Organization Production III. Quick response production systems Definition of reacting production systems Physical production systems (CAD, CAM) MRP systems MRP II systems Internal control 52

A. Definition of quick response production systems
Enterprise Organization Production A. Definition of quick response production systems CIM system integrates CAD and CAM) with MRP II (manufacturing resource planning) A quick response manufactoring system is a CIM system integrated by ICT. 53

B. Physical systems production
Enterprise Organization Production B. Physical systems production Computer-Aided Design (CAD) CADD system uses SW to define production functions. Designers may store products descriptions on a database, in order to manage them consequentially Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) CAM systems are useful in production processes planning and management Statistical process control systems let output monitoring and control on possible deviations from planned production, in order to act and minimize out of control processes 54

Production C. MRP systems Material Requirement Planning (MRP) systems include these 4 sub-systems: Production planning Production Scheduling Costs accounting General Production Reporting 55

Production planning 1 Marketing Production planning Materials invoices Operations list Requests on production depend upon selling orders and previews 56

Production planning Marketing 1 2 Production planning Stock control Materials invoice Operation list 2. Previewed selling should be coherent with stocks of finished products 57

Production planning Marketing 1 2 Production planning Stock control 3 Materials invoice Operation list 3. Raw material availability necessary to production purposes is communicated with a specific report 58

Production planning Marketing 1 2 4 Production planning Stock control 3 Production units Materials invoice Operation list 4. Technical and human resources availability necessary for production is due upon available factors reports 59

Production planning Marketing 1 2 4 Production planning Stock control 3 5 Production units Materials invoice Operation list 5. Production processes orders are reported into production scheduling 60

2. Production Scheduling
Enterprise Organization Production 2. Production Scheduling It indicates the sequence of operational phases necessary for production in every production unit, the process timing, the expected performance in every task, etc. 3. Cost accountability Production reports evaluation with reference to expected costs (direct and indirect) 4. Reporting Specific data about every production order, including stock levels changes (raw materials and products) 61

Production D. MRP II Systems Manufactoring Requirement Planning (MRP II) systems the goal is not only the identification of materials to buy (as in MRP), but involves the quantification about resources needed for production (human, technical, machinery, etc) and the evaluation of the feasibility of production programs planned with MRP. 62

Production E. Internal control Quick response production systems internal control may be a problem due to transactions, eventually solved with a strong human resources role. With ICT controls are to be integrated within the productiuon process and cannot be at the end of the pipe! 63

Themes Functions Supply Production Logistics Marketing Quality R&D Definition Marketing Process Focus Strategies Politics Critical factors Limits Relational Marketing 64 64 64

Marketing Definition Process with which a business studies its market, trends, concurrency searching for opportunities and hints for production related to potential buyers, creating demand for new products and delivering these through the new selected distribution flows. 65 65

Marketing Context analysis Marketing Strategy The Marketing Process Marketing Mix Action and control 66 66

Marketing Context analysis Enterprise Partner Clients Concurrents Phisical Context Marketing Strategy Marketing Mix Further Reading: Refer to the 5C’s Analysis in the Reference Documents folder Company (Product line; Image in the market; Technology and experience; Culture; Goals) Collaborators (Distributors; Suppliers; Alliances) Customers (Market size and growth; Market segments; Benefits that consumer is seeking, tangible and intangible; Motivation behind purchase: value drivers, benefits vs. costs; Decision maker or decision-making unit; Retail channel - where does the consumer actually purchase the product?; Consumer information sources - where does the customer obtain information about the product?; Buying process: e.g. impulse or careful comparison; Frequency of purchase, seasonal factors; Quantity purchased at a time; Trends how consumer needs and preferences change over time) Competitors (Actual or potential; Direct or indirect; Products; Positioning; Market shares; Strengths and weaknesses of competitors) Climate/Context – (The climate or macro-environmental factors are: Political & regulatory environment – governmental policies and regulations that affect the market; Economic environment - business cycle, inflation rate, interest rates, and other macroeconomic issues; Social/Cultural environment - society's trends and fashions; Technological environment - new knowledge that makes possible new ways of satisfying needs; the impact of technology on the demand for existing products.) Action and control 67 67

Marketing Context analysis Marketing Strategy Segmentation Targeting Positioning Value Proposition Marketing Mix Further Reading: Refer to the Market Segmentation file in the Reference Documents folder Market Segmentation –is the identification of portions of the market that are different from one another. It allows the firm to better satisfy the needs of its potential customers. Targeting (Target Market Selection) – recognizes the diversity of customers does not try to please all of them with the same offering. Positioning Action and control 68 68

Marketing Context analysis Marketing Strategy Marketing Mix Product Price Place Promotion Further Reading: Refer to the Marketing Mix file in the Reference Documents folder Action and control 69 69

Marketing Context analysis Marketing Strategy Marketing Mix Action and control Marketing Plan Product introduction 70

Marketing Selling Cycle client research deal Product delivery invoice clients relationships management technical assistance Financial rules 71 71

Marketing Marketing policies orientation CUSTOMER SATISFACTION (Quality) CUSTOMER RETENTION (Fidelity) TIME – BASED COMPETITION a) Time to market Reduction b) Time to customer Reduction c) Flexibility (upon changes in clients needs) 72 72

Marketing Consumer behaviour - concurrent needs - concurrent goods/services - concurrent brands Buying process - rational - emotive - irrational Buying impulses Mind the relation between price and available financial resources 73 73

Marketing MARKETING STRATEGIES - INDIFFERENTIATED MARKETING : Considers market being homogeneous DIFFERENTIATED MARKETING: Is targeted towards several great market segment with different marketing programs - CONCENTRATED MARKETING: Is targeted to one, os just a few, market segment with a unique marketing program 74 74

Marketing Strategical issues on product policies Offer width Differentiation of assortments Productions innovation and originality Choices variety (products, brand, packaging, etc) 75 75

Marketing Depth, range and choice Range Settore “A” Settore “B” Settore “C” Choice Linea 1 Linea 2 Linea 3 Linea 4 Linea 5 Linea 6 Linea 7 Linea 8 MOD 51 MOD 52 MOD 53 MOD 11 MOD 12 MOD 13 MOD 21 MOD 22 MOD 31 MOD 32 MOD 33 MOD 41 MOD 42 MOD 43 MOD 61 MOD 62 MOD 71 MOD72 MOD 73 MOD 81 MOD 82 Depth 76 76

Marketing Product life cycle Incomes Incomes and profits Profits Introduction Development Maturity Decline Time 77 77

Marketing Rivitalized Product life cycle Incomes Time 78 78

Marketing MARKETING approaches in different product life cycle Characteristics Introduction Development Maturity Decline Incomes Low incmes Growing incomes Incomes peak Decreasing incomes Costs High cost for client Fare cost for client Low cost for client Low cost fol client Profits Negative Increasing High Decreasing Clients Innovators Early adopters Majority Late entrant Concorrents Few Increasing Stable Decreasing 79 79

Marketing Marketing approaches in different life cycle stages Strategies Introduction Development Maturity Decline Pubblicity Product knowledge among retailers and early clients Diffuse product knowledge among mass market Brand differences and advantages Reduce maintainance costs for loyal clients Promotion Intense promotion to favor product selling Reduce, to benefit from growing demand Increase to limitate brand change Riduce to minimum 80 80

Marketing Price 81 81

Marketing Product 82 82

Marketing Promotion 83 83

Marketing Place 84 84

Marketing People 85 85

Marketing Process 86 86

Marketing Physical Environment 87 87

Marketing Traditional Marketing limits Traditional marketing is too much focused on produtc, interpreting clients as consumers (just capable of giving input for strategies definition). Marketing Mix (4P) doesn’t grant enough importance to clients and to stabel relationships with them, thus missing to consider clients as a pillar of value creation process (Value Constellation, Relational Marketing), as a strategic resource for competitive advantage. This has been referred to as Marketing Mix “Miopia”. 88 88

Marketing Passagge from… Marketing Mix Internal Marketing Relational Marketing Integrated Marketing Total relational Marketing 89 89

Marketing Marketing Mix Relational Marketing Transactional Marketing Interactive Marketing Client Passive, anonimous, target Client Strategic actor Time Short run Time Long run Quality produced Quality perceived Strategic issues Mkt Mix Strategic issues Client interaction Client participation to production process 90 90

Marketing Relational Marketing Marketing goal becomes to keep clients loyal, rather than to increase the market, not caring about the offered service quality. Business capacity to stabilize relationships with clients thought a reciprocal exchange and fulfillment of promises. 91 91

Marketing Relational Marketing Long run relationships with clients may be interpreted as relationships’ life cycle: First contact phase. To create the interest of potential clients, thus actions are limited to traditional marketing mix (with focus on communication). Purchase phase. The attention switches from purchase to service promises definition: traditional marketing mix tools (publicity and promotions) are coupled with interactive marketing ones (direct communication with potential buyers). Consumption phase. Enterprises have to mainain promises. Relational marketing comes to the fore. 92 92

Marketing Internal Marketing Since quality depends so much on the participation of everyone among the producer organization, to strenghten service cultre in employees and to foster relational marketing approaches internal marketing programa are to be done (i.e. training, communication, focus groups, etc.). Internal marketing focuses on the increase about client attention both of managers and employees. The first client of every organization, in fact, is the internal one, thus he is the first to be satisfied! The clear determination of roles, hierarchy, methods, activities strongly influences perceived quality of clients. 93 93

Marketing Integrated Marketing Il external marketing: traditional mkt management, focused on creating expectations delivering promises to market. Internal marketing: focused on the creation and maintainance of service culture and client orientation within the organization, necessary to create the premises to fulfill the promises. Relational marketing: relational management among employees and clients, to stabilize relationships and fulfill promises. 94 94

Marketing Total relational Marketing Businesses in contact with their clients in value co-creating logics deliver a new concept of marketing. Total relational Marketing is marketing based on relations, networks and interactions; it is based on win win interactions with clients and stakeholders, and value is co-created jointly among involved parties. 95 95

ORGANIZING ENTERPRISE
Themes Business functions Purchases/Supplies Production Logistics Marketing Quality R&D Model EQA Process control Organization TQM Evolutionary ladder Route quality Model EFQM 96 96

ORGANIZING ENTERPRISE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Quality MODEL 2001 EQA Instrument of government enterprise for excellence in sustainable over time DO LEADERSHIP HUMAN FACTOR PROCESSES STAFF SATISFACTION BUSINESS RESULTS PLAN CHECK CUSTOMER SATISFACTION POLICIES & STRATEGIES IMPACT ON COMPANY RESOURCES & PARTNERS ACT 50% ENABLERS RESULTS

Quality ISO 9000 To facilitate the achievement of the objectives for quality, have been identified eight principles of quality management: Customer-oriented organization Leadership Involvement of staff Approach to processes Systems approach to management Continuous improvement Decisions based on facts Relationships of mutual benefit with suppliers

Quality PROCESS A set of related activities or interacting elements that transform into elements in output Process 1 INPUT 3 2 OUTPUT 4 Note 1: The elements entering into a process generally come from elements in output by other processes. Note 2: The processes in an organization are generally planned and executed under controlled conditions in order to add value. Note 3: A process must be validated (qualified) when the compliance of the resulting product can not be readily or economically verified.

Quality the person or organization which is intended output of a process The customer may be internal or external For a process (ex. providing a training course) may be needed more subprocesses (identifying needs, planning, promotion, collection of entries, selection, delivery Final exams billing ....) Process Loop (for each process) identification of customer needs and PI design setting requirements provision under controlled conditions

Analysis of critical processes
ORGANIZING ENTERPRISE Quality Analysis of critical processes CREATION OF A TEAM WORK DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT PROCESS (RULES OF EXECUTION, RESPONSIBILITY, RESOURCES ....) DATA COLLECTION IDENTIFICATION OF THE CLIENT/S NEEDS TRANSLATION IN TARGETS OF PROCESS (PROCESS INDICATORS) EVALUATION CAPACITY OF PROCESS POSSIBLE REDESIGN OF PROCESS (RULES OF EXECUTION, RESPONSIBILITY, RESOURCES ....) IDENTIFICATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF CONTROL PROCESS (SYSTEM FOR MONITORING, DIRECT MEASURES ON PROCESS AND INDIRECT MEASURES ON OUTPUT) TRAINING ON THE STAFF

Quality CONTROL OF A PROCESS PLAN:DETERMINE THE TARGETS AND CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE, MADE THE CHOICES (4M), DETERMINE THE METHODS TO ACHIEVE THE TARGETS, TRAINING STAFF (DESIGN) DO:EMPLOYMENT (PERFORMANCE) CHECK:MESASURE, CHECK THE EFFECTS OF APPLICATION (DIAGNOSIS) ACT:RULE, ADOPTING THE ACTION REQUIRED OF CORRECTION AND IMPROVEMENT (THE FEEDBACK) Pianificazione o progettazione di un processo: a fronte degli obiettivi, in base all’esperienza propria e di altre (norme, good practics, biblio..) e tenuto conto dei vincoli interni ed esterni, la scelta delle 4M (risorse e metodi), quindi lo “studio” del processo, effettuato mediante prove, simulazioni, analisi di standard, prassi proprie o di altri per valutare la capacità naturale del processo e confrontarla con quella richiesta (altrimenti occorre riprogettare il processo con altre scelte a livello di risorse, metodi, rivedendo eventualmente input ed output, Business Process, Reengineering), individuare i parametri di controllo, “scrivere” le eventuali procedure od istruzioni operative o quanto altro necessario a livello operativo (un metodo può essere definito e documentato da una procedure o quant’altro di equivalente che non necessariamente è usata materialmente sul posto di lavoro, dove può essere più opportuno usare semplici istruzioni, moduli, PC, attrezzi o dispositivi di vario tipo), metterle nelle “mani” e nelle “teste” del personale addetto (addestramento).

Quality THE PROCESS INPUT THE PROCESS OUTPUT materials instructions information documents people materials instructions information documents people processing (added value) POINT OF MEASURE POINT OF MEASURE POINT OF MEASURE

Organization oriented TQM
ORGANIZING ENTERPRISE Quality Organization oriented TQM The activity of defining the objectives and strategies (strategic planning) division of labor, guidance, coordination and control (leadership, management and personnel management and system) is geared to the principles of quality The culture of listening and comparison (involving all internal and external partners), effectiveness and efficiency, planning and systematic, prevention, diagnosis and verification as continuous improvement

Quality EVOLUTIONARY LADDER ISO Vision 2000 INTEGRATION COMPANY / MARKET MARKET IN MARKET ORIENTED PRODUCT OUT ISO 9000 TQM EXCELLENCE METHODS / ACTIVITIES GLOBAL SYSTEM TOTAL QUALITY ALL COMPANY QUALITY ASSURANCE PRODUCTION SYSTEM PRODUCTION CQ PRODUCT Par slide 2 FINAL TEST FINISHED PRODUCT BUSINESS AREAS 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 TIME

The ideal of an organization geared to TQM
ORGANIZING ENTERPRISE Quality The ideal of an organization geared to TQM Organic structure flexible managed to processes and / or small groups or teams a "pyramid" reversed with great development of communication (computerized) internal and external

Quality Globalization Legislative changes Integration of areas CHANGES WITHOUT PRIOR A world in Network Price Pressure DELEGATE’S NOTES The EFQM Model helps you to make sense of change by posing a number of significant questions about what you do and why you do it. The EFQM Model and Self-Assessment invite you to consider the forces for change and your organisation’s response. How, for instance, are you responding to changing legislation within your industry sector? What is your response to technological advancement? These business context issues are your references points for how you prioritise the results from your Self-Assessment. The EFQM’s Rubik’s Cube project investigated the relationship between strategy formulation, business planning and Self-Assessment. This training course is based on a number of ingredients including the learning points from this benchmarking project, which involved twenty sponsoring organisations, and twenty good practice organisations, seven of whom were visited by the sponsors. The EFQM’s Rubik’s Cube project final report is available from EFQM. Removal of geographical barriers

La conformità L’eccellenza
The location of Quality La conformità Il miglioramento L’eccellenza ’THE EVOLUTION OF QUALITY CONCEPT “VALUE "FOR CUSTOMERS STAFF, COMPANIES ‘ SHAREHOLDERS CONFORM OF PRODUCT PLANNING CONTROL THE PROCESS PLANNING CONTROL ORGANIZATION THE EVOLUTION OF BUSINESS APPROACHES STATISITCAL CONTROL PROCESSES TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL INSPECTION AND STATISTICAL CONTROL QUALITY SYSTEMS , ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODELS STANDARDS PRODUCT RULES FOR THE CONTROL RULES OF CONTROL PROCESSES RULES / GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING RULES / GUIDELINES / LAWS FOR SYSTEMS ORGANIZATIONAL (ISO 9000/ISO14000 LEGGE 626/HACCP...) NATIONAL MODELS / INTERNATIONAL FOR EXCELLENCE ORGANIZATION

Quality Model EFQM for Excellence and the rules ISO9000 MODEL for excellence Leadership Policies and Strategies of organization Development and justification of people Resources Quality System Processes Learning and Research best Practices Continuous Improvement Challenging targets Results Customers People Impact Company Products, Processes, Economics and Finance Benchmarking ISO 9001:2000 Summit responsibility Quality system Customer focus Processes Resources Continuous improvement ISO 9001:1994 Management responsibilities Quality system Procedures Tests, inspections, testing Corrective and preventive actions Measures, analysis

Quality Model EFQM for Excellence and the rules ISO9000 Excellence STRATEGIES M O D E COMPETI- L TIVENESS CONTINUOUS ISO 9000:2000 IMROVEMENT E ISO 9000:94 TQM F QUALITY MINIMUM Q SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS PROCESSES M

Quality The EFQM Excellence: The basic concepts Attention to Customer Oriented to results Leadership The Foundamental concepts of excellence (EFQM) Public responsibilities Process management People involvement Partnership Innovation and improvement

Business Organization Research and Development
BUSINESS FUNCTIONS Purchases/Supplies Production Logistics Marketing Quality R&D Definitions Collaborations Self-development Choice methods Team Work 112 112

Definition The research and development (R&D) is defined as the combination of creative work undertaken in a systematic way to increase the range of knowledge (including know-how, culture and society) and to use this knowledge for new applications Source: Manuale di Frascati, OECD, 2002

Types Basic Research: experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge on the fundamentals of the phenomena and facts that might remark, not intended for a specific application or use. Applied research: original work undertaken primarily to acquire knowledge and aimed at a practice and a specific application or use. Experimental development: systematcal work, based on existing knowledge gained through research and practical experience, led to complete, develop or improve materials, products and production processes, systems and services.

Innovation Tecnology "Activities related to technological innovations of product and process cover every scientific, technological, organizational, financial and trade effort to make or made available on the market versions characterized by a significant improvement in functional or content respect to previous versions, or an alternative solutions aimed at solving the same problems / satisfaction of those needs " Source: Oslo Manual, 2004, OCSE

Input indicators Expenditure on R&D Employees in R & D Intensive R & D = (Expenditure on R & D/Turnover)*100 Output indicators Scientific publications and citations Patents and patent citations New products / services launched on the market Turnover (profits) generated from new products launched on the market

Trends in industrial R&D
Business Organization Research and Development Trends in industrial R&D Restructuring of corporate R&D by the largest companies worldwide The increasing orientation towards the activity of applied research and technological development (at the expense of basic research) The increase in the propensity to patent and increasing attention to the commercial exploitation of technology Specialization in process steps of innovation and growth of technology outsourcing The role and contribution of small enterprises for technological development and economic growth

Collaborations in R & D Sometimes the development of a project requires complementary activities to those undertaken by an enterprise, without which it would be difficult transformation of a core of technological knowledge into a marketable product. Many times, companies must then choose whether to pursue its innovative activities either alone or in collaboration with partners. The collaboration could allow the company to achieve more ambitious goals more quickly and with less cost and risk. Through collaboration with other companies, an organization access to a wealth of knowledge and skills not supplied, which could cost time and money (in case of internal development). The cooperation strategies , however, involve a sharing of power control and distribution of profits, in addition to having to pay for the risk of unfair and opportunistic behavior of partners.

Collaborations nella R&S: Why?
Business Organization Research and Development Collaborations nella R&S: Why? Issues related to the company functioning Scale economies Purpose economies (differentiated resource exploitation for various commercial applications) Distribution costs and risks Enlargement resource base and internal expertise Structural characteristics of competitive contest Specialization economies and the role of complementary resources Network economics Allegations of markets for technology Environmental characteristics Evolutionary characteristics of scientific-technological progress Practice communities Risks of inefficient duplication of investments

The different forms of cooperation
Business Organization Research and Development The different forms of cooperation Depending on the type of relationship Vertical agreements Horizontal agreements Transversal agreements According to the legal nature of the agreement Contractual collaboration (non-equity) Company collaboration (equity) According to the purpose of the competitive agreement Non-competitive agreements Pre-competitive agreements Competitive agreements

The different forms of cooperation
Business Organization Research and Development The different forms of cooperation Joint venture: is a particular form of covenant that requires participants to adopt a formal structure, almost always a new entity legally separate, with equity. Licensing: is a contractual agreement that gives an organization (or individual) the rights to use intellectual property of another organization, usually in exchange for a royalty. Outsourcing:is a formula under which a company moves outside certain processes rather to achieve its own. Research organizations: are organizations formed to promote collaboration among a group of players, for example, companies and public research institutions.

The choice of partners Compatibility of resources: in which measure the potential partner is consistent with the resource requirements of the project? Compatibility strategic: see if the objectives, styles business, organizational behavior of the partner are consistent Impact on the opportunities and threats in the competitive environment: what influence will hold the strategy of cooperation on the bargaining power of customers and suppliers, the degree of competitive rivalry, the threat of new entrants or substitutes? Impact on the forces and weaknesses of organization: the collaboration will strengthen the powers of? And it will be able to balance its weaknesses? You can create a competitive advantage? Impact on strategic cooperation: will support the company in achieving its strategic intent?

The pilot customer Representativeness Dimension Degree of priority Past reports Location Contractual power

Options for development of new technologies and new business
Business Organization Research and Development Options for development of new technologies and new business Licenses; Acquisitions; Educational acquisitions; Venture capital; Internal venture; Joint-venture; Strategic alliances; Research consortia; Internal development

The advantages of self-development
Business Organization Research and Development The advantages of self-development The strategic of technology developed may suggest to not share their know-how. If the efforts of an organization have produced technological knowledge hardly imitated in short, the development extends autonomy in the position of competitive advantage over competitors and other businesses, including goods and services. The autonomous development also allows control over the trajectory of technological development to give that, then may be to support the competitiveness of business in relation to the market, resources, skills and expertise. There are also companies that aren’t culturally inclined relational opening, and have skills and knowledge that are difficult to share in developments of partnerships with other companies. Even if it is more costly and difficult the selfdevelopment, infact, capitalize and maintain the wealth of knowledge and skills of corporate researchers, sometimes keeping the company competitive in terms of distinctive competencies. Sometimes companies believed to have sufficient skills, capabilities and resources to pursue autonomously the development of a complex project. Can happen that is not a suitable partner to support a possible deficiency, and enterprise finds itself forced to fill internally the gap capacity and / or skills necessary for the development project.

Choice of Innovation Projects
Business Organization Research and Development Choice of Innovation Projects To evaluate a technology innovation project the management offers a wide variety of methods, informal instruments with sophisticated techniques based on qualitative data or based on assumptions strictly quantitative. In most cases, use a combination of methods in order to provide more adequate assessment of the opportunities and risks of an innovative project.

The development budget
Business Organization Research and Development The development budget Most companies have limited resources and capital constraints and they are therefore forced to select only some of the appropriate projects. Many companies adopt the methods of 'rationing' capital, which initially set a budget for R&D activities and then establish a ranking of projects to choose those that could be financed. Budget is sometimes set in terms of share of turnover determined in the prior year. This percentage is based on sector parameters (industry benchmark) or historical indicators reported by corporate performance (historical benchmark).

Choice methods Quantitative methods Discount Cash Flow Real options Qualitative methods Questions filter Q-Sort PortfolioR&D Mixed Methods Conjoint Analysis

Choice methods The most popular methods for the quantitative assessment of innovative projects are based on techniques discount cash flow and on analysis of real options. Techniques discounting cash flows (DCF = discounted cash flow) NPV = the expected cash flows are discounted incoming and compared with the present value of cash flows in output VAN = ∑ Ft/(1+r)t t = 0 …. N F Net cash flow a year t N economic life r discount rate (capital cost) Internal rate of return = is the discount rate that makes the net present value of zero.

Choice methods The real options methods It is a valuation technique that applies the model of option rights (stock options) on shares in an investment project The call option allows the investor to reserve the right to purchase future by a certain date (maturity) at a set price (strike price). If in future the value of the action exceeds the strike price the holder may exercise its right and purchase the action (if the surplus value of absorbing the cost of the buyer earns). Otherwise may withdraw losing the value of option, or he can buy the same if the value exceeds the strike price, but doesn’t cover everything (action + stock option). In the case of a program of r&d: The cost of R&D program can be considered the price of an option to buy (call option). The cost of the investment future to support and fund the program is the operating cost (strike price). The return on the investment in terms of present value of expected cash flows from the r&d project correspond to the value of an acquired with right of option.

Choice methods The most important factors in choosing the projects are very difficult to evaluate in quantitative terms. For this reason, almost all companies using qualitative methods. Applications filter, for example, are used to investigate and evaluate the main dimensions that influence the choice, such as: The customers role (market, product use, compatibility and ease of use, distribution and pricing strategies) The skills and organizational skills role (ability and skills possessed and future, ability of competitors) Project times and costs

Choice methods Q – Sort is a simple technique for the classification of ideas or objects based on a variety of parameters. ideas or variations of the project are described in a paper for each of the selected parameters, the cards are sorted according to the response capacity of each project a series of confrontation rounds between the different classifications, accompanied by a discussion among the participants, should allow to lead to an assessment shared

Choice methods The management can use a map where to place development projects (Portafolio map R&D), distinguished for example needs financial resources and skills to be used. The basic research or experimental projects: arise along the frontier of technological innovation and test prototypes that don’t offer an immediate commercial application. The breakthrough project: provide for the development of products that incorporate technology product and revolutionary process. The draft platform: are profound improvements in cost, quality or performance technology than previous generations of product. Projects derivatives: provide only incremental changes of products or processes, sometimes simply extending the range of varieties.

Choice methods Portafolio map R&D

Choice methods Quantitative methods and qualitative methods provide valid information to management in the selection of development projects, especially when the techniques are used in combination. Sometimes it is useful to convert qualitative information in quantitative variables. For example, the conjoint analysis estimates the value that a customer attaches to certain factors of choice and importance on product attributes, so as to enable the management to take decisions on the final configuration of the project.

Team work Many companies constitute team to lead and manage the develop project of a new product. The composition and working methods of the team depend on the strategies of firms and nature of projects. Team dimension The team may be composed of a very small core or by hundreds of members. The large size is not always an advantage, because it can lead to increased operating costs and communication problems. With the increase of dimension tend to increase the risk of social inertia (social loafing), associated with the phenomenon that brings the components of the team to not receive the just recognition for its contribution. Team composition To promote coordination and cooperation between organizational units, many businesses entrust the development of new products to team composed of experts with complementary skills and from different functional areas

The organizational structures of internal R & D

Business Organization

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Business Organization"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Business Organization

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Business Organization"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback