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Institut Teknologi Bandung
W e e k 3 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES
COMPUTER COMPONENTS CPU INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE BUSES OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA
BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
EXAMPLES OF BYTES EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: A: T: Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE CPU PRIMARY STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT SECONDARY STORAGE Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ROM CLOCK Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MACHINE CYCLE STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
COMPUTER TIME # PER COMPARED NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND Millisecond second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond millisecond million days Nanosecond microsecond billion years Picosecond nanosecond trillion ,700 years * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
TYPES OF MEMORY RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Each location is a REGISTER Each location can hold data
ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location is a REGISTER Each location can hold data 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KT): bytes bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTE (TB): GB... “trillion” bytes * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MICROPROCESSOR VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other devices REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING
Program CPU TASK 2 TASK 3 TASK 1 RESULT TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 Program CPU MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
SECONDARY STORAGE DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE
HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)
DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces * CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 READ/WRITE HEADS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
TRACKS AND SECTORS TRACKS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA START OF TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 SECTOR Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
OPTICAL STORAGE CD-ROM: MEGABYTES LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MAGNETIC TAPE STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME * HEADER IBG BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK 3 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)
HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
POINTING DEVICES: KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION
PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
OUTPUT DEVICES: CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
DATA PROCESSING BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
BATCH PROCESSING KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE
ON-LINE PROCESSING TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MAINFRAME MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER
MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MICROCOMPUTER DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
WORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND
HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED
CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
DOWNSIZING TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
SHARING COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS
UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP: Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY IDENTIFY TRENDS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
SOFTWARE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
SOFTWARE HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT
OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MULTITHREADING ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PARTS (THREADS) OF A PROGRAM SIMULTANEOUSLY * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
VIRTUAL STORAGE METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE: PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS) CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MICROSECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
LANGUAGE TRANSLATION SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES
SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE UTILITY PROGRAMS PERFORM ROUTINE TASKS TRANSLATION PROCESS OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen TO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES 32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me & 2000 Windows CE OS/2 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES PASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output C and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object oriented * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
1. QUERY LANGUAGES: Rapidly retrieve data Interactive/ on-line May use NATURAL LANGUAGE Support special requests for data from relational databases * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
2. REPORT GENERATORS: Create customized reports Wide range of formats 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos Presentation managers * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: User specifies computer needs Generator creates logic and code for application Greatly reduces development time * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Professional programmer productivity tool Uses fewer instructions Reduces development time * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)
7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially available set of programs... WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION GRAPHICS INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES WEB BROWSERS GROUPWARE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES
GROUP WRITING & COMMENTING ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTS SHARED FILES & DATABASES SHARED TIME LINES & PLANS ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
MIDDLEWARE SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA * APPLICATION A APPLICATION B MIDDLE WARE DATA Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker pay check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g., CHARTS TABLES ANIMATIONS to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS
RENT OR BUILD DECISIONS APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE
APPROPRIATENESS EFFICIENCY COMPATIBILITY SUPPORT * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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Institut Teknologi Bandung
W e e k 3 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung
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