1. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 1 Physical and Chemical Features and Medical Effectiveness of Pamukkale Thermomineral Water

2. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 2 Physical and Chemical Properties Temperature Total Mineralisation CO 2 Content Pamukkale35.5 C o 2400mg/l900mg/l Karahayıt (Red Water)40C o 3100mg/l1140mg/l

3. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 3 Carbondioxided Water Effects Indications The most important feature of Pamukkale mineral waters is CO 2 content

4. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 4 Effects of CO 2 Anti-inflammatory effects Stimulation of warmth receptors in skin, inhibition of cold receptors Vasodilation (precapillary arterioles) Reconstruction of functionally closed capillaries Increased venous response (“vein tension”) Improvement in blood flow properties Stimulation of sympathetic nerve system

5. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 5 Indications of CO 2 Arteriolar occlusive diseases Cutaneous microcirculation disorders (Scleroderma) Arteriolar hypertension Venous insufficiency (particularly cold water use) Mild to moderate heart failure (up to NYHA stage II) Painful dystrophy (Sudeck’s disease), Stage I Fibromuscular pain Disorders in autonomic function and regulation Cerebrovascular disorders Polyneuropathies

6. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 6 Thermomineral springs of Pamukkale contain Calcium, Magnesium Hydrogencarbonate and Sulphate over 20% mval/l SpringNa + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Cl - SO 42- HCO 3- Karahayıt Kırmızısu12,7962,8622,631,3451,1547,12 Richmond Sondaj I13,2961,1323,922,0752,9544,48 Richmond Sondaj II13,1960,6924,272,0753,0944,36

7. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 7 Indications of Calcium and Magnesium Hydrogencarbonated Waters Prophylaxis an metaphylaxis of oxalate, carbonate and phosphate stones Chronic urinary infections Calcium insufficiency Vegetative dystonia and fatigue Magnesium insufficiency Functional disorders of stomach and intestines

8. Prof. Nergis ERDOĞAN 17/Sep/04 - Pamukkale 8 Effects and Indications of Sulphated Waters Functional diseases of upper abdomen (Liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas) Functional bowel motility disorders (Chronically constipations) Induction of gallbladder an pancreas secretion Obesity and hyperlipidemia Prophylaxix of calcium phosphate stones Supportive treatment of urinary infections