1. IX TH INTERNATIONAL TERROIR CONGRESS Bourgogne - Dijon, Champagne – Reims, France 25 -29 june 2012 Mapping intra-plot topsoil diversity of Burgundy vineyards (Aloxe-Corton, France) from very high spatial resolution (VHSR) images Cartographie de la diversité des états de surface des sols du vignoble bourguignon (Aloxe-Corton, France) par imagerie à haute résolution spatiale. Emmanuel CHEVIGNY (1), Amélie QUIQUEREZ (1), Christophe PETIT (2), Pierre CURMI (3) ¹ UMR CNRS 6298 ARTEHIS, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France ² UMR 7041 ArScAn, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 3 rue Michelet, F-75006 Paris, France ³ AgroSup Dijon, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France

2. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Introduction - using very high spatial resolution images (VHSR) - identify and analyse spatial distribution of soil surface characteristics (SSC) - perform a soil typology Vineyard hillslope of Aloxe-Corton Objective : Produce an accurate map of soils on the hillslope Appellation map of Aloxe-Corton vineyard

3. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Study area => Transect from upslope to downslope, 1 km length, 80 m width The hillslope of Aloxe-Corton vineyard

4. INTRODUCTION RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION MATERIALS & METHODS VHSR Image, resolution < 2cm 5m 1m 20cm - Unmanned Helicopter DRELIO - Automatic piloting system - Integrated GPS - Flight altitude constant of 70 m - Digital SLR camera (Nikon D200) with a camera lens of 35 mm - Automatic shooting (2s) Unmanned helicopter DRELIO (Universities of Lyon 1 and Western Brittany, France) Very High Spatial Resolution (VHSR) images acquisition

5. INTRODUCTION RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION MATERIALS & METHODS 1) Mosaicking2) Georeferencing3) Masking - Segmentation images - Suppress markers, vinestocks and their shadows - Reconstruction of VHSR image of plot - Plot clipping - Amer points acquired with a dGPS on the field - ≈ 1 point/20m Pretreatements of VHSR images

6. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Mosaic of VHSR images Principal component analysis (PCA) (ENVI©) Accentuate reflectance differences of soil surface Group pixels having similar spectral characteristics Map soil surface characteristics (SSC) Unsupervised classification (Isodata) (ENVI©) Image analysis 3 spectral bands (Red-Green-Blue)

7. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Soil surface samples Auger holes - Localisation depending of the different SSC classes - Surface of 0,25 m 2 on a 10 cm depth - Localisation depending of the different topsoil surface classes near topsoil surface sampling Unsupervised classification performed on VHSR images mosaic of Aloxe-Corton hillslope and localisation of soil sampling Physicochemical parameters - stoniness - grain size distribution - soil colour -total carbonate content -oragnic matter content - carbon and nitrogen contents - clay mineralogy Characterisation of topsoil surface and soil types

8. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Unsupervised classification performed on VHSR images mosaic of Aloxe-Corton hillslope - 4 SSC differentiated - Spatial evolution from upslope to downslope Image classification - Alternation of SSC in the downslope part of hillslope Topsoil mapping of Aloxe-Corton hillslope

9. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Physicochemical parameters of topsoil surface Physical, chemical and mineralogical parameters of topsoil surface classes (Mean and Standard-deviation)  Evolution of soil colour from upslope to downslope: brown soil (SSC 1), reddish-brown soil (SSC 2), strong brown soil (SSC 3 & 4)

10. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION - Aim : evaluate topsoil surface classes separability - Different spatial positions of SSC Classes recognized by images analysis present their own physicochemical parameters PCA performed on physicochemical parameters of topsoil samples Physicochemical parameters of soil surface characteristics

11. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Topsoil surface classes and soil types SSC 1 (5 auger holes)  Calcosol;  silty clay;  variable depth (50- 150cm);  developped on a marly- limestone formation SSC 2 (3 auger holes)  Calcosol;  clay texture;  deep (60cm);  developped on hard limestone SSC 3-4 upper (3 auger holes)  Calcisol  silty clay texture  very deep soils (>180cm);  developped on chert clays SSC 3-4 bottom (2 auger holes)  Calcosol;  silty-clay texture;  very deep (>150cm);  with a colluvium surface;  developped on marls Auger holes of SSC 3-4 upper 200 cm Auger holes of SSC 1 110 cm Auger holes of SSC 2 60 cm Auger holes of SSC 3-4 bottom 150 cm  4 topsoil surface classes  4 types of soil  relation between SSC/soil type not easy for colluviom area

12. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Factor controlling spatial distribution of SSC Alternanation of SSC in the downslope part of hillslope Influence of soil management practices

13. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION SSC limit = change of lithology Subsoil influence (geology) Synthetic geological cross-section of study area Factor controlling spatial distribution of SSC Geological map of Beaune (BRGM)

14. INTRODUCTION MATERIEL & METHODE RESULTATS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Conclusions 2) Simply and efficient method => define soil surface characteristics diversity into vineyard context => spatialise with precision this diversity 3) Association with local soil samples => define vineyard soil typology => carry out a spatial distribution of soil types 1) Innovative approach in burgundy => Côte de Nuits and Côte de Beaune => Overview of soil diversity across Burgundy

15. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Prospects PCA and unsupervised classification performed on an orthophotograph of Aloxe-Corton hillslope (Orthophotograph source IGN, 2006) Expand to hillslope scale Mapping at large scale

16. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS & METHODS RESULTS & DISCUSSION CONCLUSION Prospects VHSR images mosaic and unsupervised classification Expand to plot scaleMaking zonage, precision viticulture Orthophotograph of the plot (IGN, 2002)

17. Thank you for your attention