1. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION CALVINISM TEARING DOWN THE ROMAN EMPIRE

2. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Revolution in religious thought & practice  Challenged established authority & secured triumph of secular power  Contributed to centuries of violent conflict  Shaped identities & changed map of Europe  Contributed to ascendancy of individualism

3. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Continuing crisis of the Church  Growing popular dissatisfaction  too much emphasis on ritual  increasing secularization  wealth, corruption, abuse Caricature of Pope Alexander VI

4. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Continuing crisis of the Church  Calls for reform  John Wycliffe  Jan Hus  Erasmus Erasmus Jan Hus, burnt at stake John Wycliffe Jan Hus

5. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Continuing crisis of the Church  rejection of formal ritual & doctrine  Personal & spiritual crises  emphasis on personal salvation

6. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)  “Justification by Faith Alone”  good works = evidence of grace, not cause  selling indulgences - 1517  JOHANNES TETZEL  authorized by Pope

7. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)  Ninety-Five Theses (1517)  condemned selling of indulgences  only inner grace & faith guaranteed salvation Luther nails Ninety-Five Theses to Wittenburg Castle, Oct. 31, 1517  denied papal authority over faith

8. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)  Revised Christian doctrine  clergy no different than rest  rejected belief in purgatory  reduced 7 sacraments to 2: baptism & communion  called for end of monasteries The balance: The Church v. the Bible

9. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION LUTHERANISM  Led to political, economic & social upheaval  rulers used it as pretense to attack neighbors  peasants used it as pretense to revolt against overlords  led to extreme religious movements & zealotry German Peasants’ Revolt, 1524  Quickly spread through Germany