Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Getting Started— Fallacies in Films:
Monty Python’s Argument Clinic (6:08) The Fallacy Project: Examples of Fallacies in the Media (6:25) Logical Fallacies Part I (4:22) Logical Fallacies Part II (4:15)
2
Advanced Composition: Critical Reasoning & Writing
Name that Fallacy If a language provides a label for a complex concept, that could make it easier to think about the concept, because the mind can handle it as a single package when juggling a set of ideas, rather than having to keep each of its components in the air separately. It can also give a concept an additional label in long-term memory, making it more easily retrievable. Advanced Composition: Critical Reasoning & Writing
3
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: oversimplifies a complex issue so that only two choices appear possible 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
4
Definition: Misleading/manipul ative label or definition
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Misleading/manipul ative label or definition 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
5
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Appeal to audience’s sympathetic feelings in order to support a claim that should be decided on more relevant or objective grounds 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
6
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Claim that does not follow from its premises or is supported by irrelevant premises 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
7
Definition: Broad generalization on the basis of too little evidence
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Broad generalization on the basis of too little evidence 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
8
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Claiming a small, often unrepresentative sample, is true for the whole 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
9
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Sequential relationship is mistaken for a causal relationship 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
10
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Merely a descriptive association and offers no proof of the connection between two things being compared 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
11
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: A simplistic and improbable (sometimes horrible) prediction based on a series of steps. This fallacy ignores the complexity of the developments in any long chain of events 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
12
Definition: Reason provided simply restates claim in different words
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Reason provided simply restates claim in different words 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
13
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Oversimplify an opponent’s argument to make it easier to refute or ridicule 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
14
Definition: Discredit an opponent or an opposing view in advance
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Discredit an opponent or an opposing view in advance 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
15
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Individuals (often movie stars or celebrities) are presented as experts in fields in which they are not 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
16
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Argument directed at the character of an opponent rather than at the quality of the reasoning 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
17
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Throwing an audience off track by raising an unrelated or irrelevant point 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
18
Definition: Claim that something is popular substitutes evidence
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Claim that something is popular substitutes evidence 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
19
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Persuades an audience to accept as true a claim that hasn’t been proved false or vice versa 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
20
FALLACIES OF PATHOS Argument to the People (Appealing to Stirring Symbols) Appeal to Ignorance Appeal to Popularity—Bandwagon Appeal to Pity Red Herring FALLACIES OF ETHOS Appeal to False Authority Ad Hominem Poisoning the Well Straw Man FALLACIES OF LOGOS 10. Hasty Generalization Part for the Whole Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc Begging the Question—Circular Reasoning False Dilemma—Either/Or Slippery Slope False Analogy Non Sequitur Loaded Label or Definition Definition: Appeal to the fundamental beliefs, biases, and prejudices of the audience in order to sway opinion through a feeling of solidarity among those in the group 21. Ad Hominem “Jones is arguing for prayer in school, but he has twice been convicted of assaulting members of clergy, so his argument is not valid.”
21
Tip: The difference between Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (one of presumption) and Non Sequitur fallacies (one of ambiguity) is that, whereas the Post Hoc fallacy is due to lack of causal connection, in the non sequitur fallacy the error is due to lack of logical connection.
22
Name the Fallacy: Since 9/11 we’ve tried and convicted few terrorists, therefore our defense system must be working. Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc / False cause
23
“Larry is trying really hard, so he should get straight A’s.”
Name that Fallacy: “Larry is trying really hard, so he should get straight A’s.” Non Sequitur
24
Name that Fallacy: “A group of self-appointed lifestyle police are pushing to control many aspects of our daily lives. If they succeed, we lose our basic right of free choice. Today they’re targeting smoking. What’s next? Red meat? Leather? Coffee? If fifty million smokers can lose their rights anyone can.” (From an ad for the National Smokers Alliance.) Slippery Slope.
25
Name that Fallacy Either I keep smoking, or I’ll get fat. I don’t want to get fat, so I better keep smoking. False Dilemma—either/or.
26
Name that Fallacy: “His books about ancient Egypt are worthless because he is a convicted forger and embezzler.” Ad hominem
27
Name that Fallacy: If such actions were not illegal, then they would not be prohibited by the law.” Begging the question/circular reasoning .
28
Name that Fallacy: Anyone who truly cares about preserving the American way of life will vote Republican this fall. Poisoning the well.
29
America, love it or leave it!
Name that Fallacy: America, love it or leave it! False Dilemma
30
“All Latinos are volatile people.”
Name that Fallacy: “All Latinos are volatile people.” (Former Senator Jesse Helms, on Mexican protests against Senate Foreign Affairs subcommittee hearings on corruption south of the border.) Hasty Generalization.
31
Name that Fallacy: Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally acceptable. After all, a woman should have a right to her own body."
Jane: "I disagree completely. Dr. Johan Skarn says that abortion is always morally wrong, regardless of the situation. He has to be right, after all, he is a respected expert in his field."
Bill: "I've never heard of Dr. Skarn. Who is he?"
Jane: "He's the guy that won the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on cold fusion."
Appeal to Authority.
32
Name that Fallacy: “Apple—the Computer for the Rest of Us.”
Appeal to the People, snob
33
Name that Fallacy: Support Our Troops. Argument to the People
34
Name that Fallacy: "But officer, I don't deserve a ticket; everyone goes this speed. If I went any slower, I wouldn't be going with the stream of traffic." Bandwagon
35
Name that Fallacy: “You know, Professor Brown, I not passing this class and I really need to get an A. If I don’t get an A in this class, then I will not be able to transfer to UCSD next fall and my family will be very disappointed with me.” Appeal to pity
36
Name that Fallacy: Just as instructors can prune sentences for poor grammar, so the principal was entitled to find certain articles inappropriate for publication—in this situation because they might reveal the identity of pregnant students and because references to sexual activity were deemed improper for high school students to see. False Analogy.
37
Name that Fallacy: “Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can’t understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.” Straw Man.
38
Name that Fallacy: "We admit that this measure is popular. But we also urge you to note that there are so many bond issues on this ballot that the whole thing is getting ridiculous." Red Herring.
39
Name that Fallacy: “I do not have much information on this except the general statement of the agency that there is nothing in the files to disprove his communist connections.” (In 1950, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy’s response when asked about the 40th name on his list of 81 Americans he claimed were communists working for the United Stated Department of State.) Appeal to Ignorance
40
Name that Fallacy: "Every player on the team is a superstar and a great player, so the team is a great team." Part for the Whole
Similar presentations
![ Read the following argument. Examine it closely. Do you think it is logically sound? Why? [T]he acceptance of abortion does not end with the killing.](/18/6090724/big_thumb.jpg " Read the following argument. Examine it closely. Do you think it is logically sound? Why? [T]he acceptance of abortion does not end with the killing.>")
