1. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition Chapter 14 Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes

2. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem Acceptance sampling is concerned with inspection and decision making regarding products. Three aspects of sampling are important : 1.Involves random sampling of an entire “lot” 2.Accept and Reject Lots (does not achieve quality improvement) “Lot sentencing” 3.Audit tool

3. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem Three approaches to lot sentencing: 1.Accept with no inspection 2.100% inspection 3.Acceptance sampling

4. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem Why Acceptance Sampling and Not 100% Inspection? Testing is destructive Cost of 100% inspection is high 100% inspection is not feasible (require too much time) If vendor has excellent quality history

5. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem 14-1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling Advantages Less expensive Reduced damage Reduces the amount of inspection error Disadvantages Risk of accepting “bad” lots, rejecting “good” lots. Less information generated Requires planning and documentation

6. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem 14-1.2 Types of Sampling Plans There are variables sampling plans and attribute sampling plans (this chapter concentrates on attributes) 1.Single sampling plan 2.Double-sampling plan 3.Multiple-sampling plan 4.Sequential-sampling

7. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem 14-1.3 Lot Formation Considerations before inspection: –Lots should be homogeneous –Larger lots more preferable than smaller lots –Lots should be conformable to the materials- handling systems used in both the vendor and consumer facilities.

8. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-1. The Acceptance-Sampling Problem 14-1.4 Random Sampling The units selected for inspection should be chosen at random. Random samples are not used, bias can be introduced. If any judgment methods are used to select the sample, the statistical basis of the acceptance- sampling procedure is lost.

9. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes 14-2.1 Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan A single sampling plan is defined by sample size, n, and the acceptance number c. Say there are N total items in a lot. Choose n of the items at random. If at least c of the items are unacceptable, reject the lot. N = lot size n = sample size c = acceptance number d = observed number of defectives The acceptance or rejection of the lot is based on the results from a single sample - thus a single-sampling plan.

10. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes 14-2.2 The OC Curve The operating-characteristic (OC) curve measures the performance of an acceptance-sampling plan. The OC curve plots the probability of accepting the lot versus the lot fraction defective. The OC curve shows the probability that a lot submitted with a certain fraction defective will be either accepted or rejected.

11. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes 14-2.3 Designing a Single-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve Let the probability of acceptance be 1 -  for lots with fraction defective p 1. Let the probability of acceptance be  for lots with fraction defective p 2. Assume binomial sampling (with type-B OC curves) is appropriate.

12. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes 14-2.3 Designing a Single-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve The sample size n and acceptance number c are the solution to

13. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-2. Single-Sampling Plans For Attributes Example Consider constructing a sampling plan for which –p 1 = 0.01 –  = 0.05 –p 2 = 0.06 –  = 0.10 –N = 1000 Using computer software or a graphical approach (using an appropriate binomial nomograph) it can be shown that the necessary values of n and c are 85 and 2, respectively.

14. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.1 Description of the Standard Developed during World War II MIL STD 105E is the most widely used acceptance-sampling system for attributes Gone through four revisions since 1950. MIL STD 105E is a collection of sampling schemes making it an acceptance-sampling system

15. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.1 Description of the Standard Three types of sampling are provided for: 1.Single 2.Double 3.Multiple Provisions for each type of sampling plan include 1.Normal inspection 2.Tightened inspection 3.Reduced inspection

16. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.1 Description of the Standard The acceptable quality level (AQL) is a primary focal point of the standard The AQL is generally specified in the contract or by the authority responsible for sampling. Different AQLs may be designated for different types of defects. Defects include critical defects, major defects, and minor defects. Tables for the standard provide are used to determine the appropriate sampling scheme.

17. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.1 Description of the Standard Switching Rules –Normal to tightened –Tightened to normal –Normal to reduced –Reduced to normal –Discontinuance of inspection

18. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.2 Procedure 1.Choose the AQL 2.Choose the inspection level 3.Determine the lot size 4.Find the appropriate sample size code letter from Table 14-4 5.Determine the appropriate type of sampling plan to use (single, double, multiple) 6.Enter the appropriate table to find the type of plan to be used. 7.Determine the corresponding normal and reduced inspection plans to be used when required.

19. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) Example Suppose a product is submitted in lots of size N = 2000. The AQL is 0.65%. Say we wanted to generate normal single-sampling plans. For lots of size 2000, (and general inspection level II) Table 14-4 indicates the appropriate sample size code letter is K. From Table 14-5 for single-sampling plans under normal inspection, the normal inspection plan is n = 125, c = 2.

20. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.3 Discussion There are several points about the standard that should be emphasized: 1.MIL STD 105E is AQL-oriented 2.The sample sizes selected for use in MIL STD 105E are limited 3.The sample sizes are related to the lot sizes. 4.Switching rules from normal to tightened and from tightened to normal are subject to some criticism. 5.A common abuse of the standard is failure to use the switching rules at all.

21. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 4th Edition 14-4. Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 ISO 2859) 14-4.3 Discussion ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 or ISO 2859 is the civilian standard counterpart of MIL STD 105E. Differences include: 1.Terminology “nonconformity”, “nonconformance”, and “percent nonconforming” is used. 2.Switching rules were changed slightly to provide an option for reduced inspection without the use of limit numbers 3.Several tables that show measures of scheme performance were introduced 4.A section was added describing proper use of individual sampling plans when extracted from the system. 5.A figure illustrating switching rules was added.