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Unit 4 – People at Work
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TThe role of trade unions TThe role of employer associations TThe process of collective bargaining TThe different types of industrial action HHow conflicts can be resolved
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AA Trade Union is a group of workers who have joined together to ensure their interests are protected
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SHOP STEWARD For an annual fee that pays for the employment of union officials, they will represent the views of those in the union to achieve their aims.
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AAdvantages ◦S◦Strength in Numbers ◦I◦Improved Conditions of Employment ◦I◦Improved Workplace Environment ◦I◦Improved Benefits ◦I◦Improved Job Satisfaction ◦A◦Advice & Financial Support ◦F◦Further Benefits ◦E◦Employment where there is a closed shop
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TTrade Unions seek to ◦P◦Put forward views to the media ◦I◦Influence government decisions ◦I◦Improve communication between workers & management
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A craft union is a trade union which represents a particular type of skilled worker.
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A general union is a trade union which represents workers from a variety of trades in the industry. They are often un-skilled but also semi-skilled workers.
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An industrial union is a trade union which represents all types of workers in a particular industry
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A white-collar union is a trade union which represents non-manual workers.
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Closed shop is where all the employees have to be a member of a particular union.
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A Single-Union Agreement is where a firm deals with only one particular union.
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AAdvantages for employees ◦D◦Discussions clearer ◦G◦Greater power ◦N◦No disagreements between unions ◦B◦Better working relationship ◦D◦Disputes solved quickly
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AAdvantages for employers ◦O◦Only one union to negotiate with ◦B◦Better working relationship ◦D◦Disputes resolved more quickly ◦E◦Easier to agree to changes ◦B◦Better relationships
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President National Executive Head Office Branch Regional offices Individual Members Branch
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EEmployer Associations Employer Federations Trade Associations BBusiness join together to form a association or federation SSubscription Fee Benefits
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AAdvantages ◦R◦Representation of Members ◦O◦Offer Advice ◦P◦Pressure Group ◦S◦Sharing good practice ◦B◦Bulk-Buying
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AAct as pressure groups RRepresent business interests LLinked to economic environment GGovernment Control & Provide TTaxation RRules & Regulations EEconomic Policies IInfrastructure
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CCollective bargaining is negotiations between one or more trade unions and one or more employees (or employee associations) on pay or working conditions
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RRising Inflation DDifficult to recruit qualified workers MMaintaining pay differentials CChanges in the workplace
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TThis is taken by trade unions to decrease or halt production
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SStrike Action ◦A◦A Token Strike SShort Stoppage ◦A◦A Selective Strike FFew selected workers walk out ◦A◦An All Out Strike AAll union members stop work
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PPicketing ◦S◦Support strike ◦S◦Stand outside workplace ◦T◦Try to persuade other workers not to go to work ◦M◦May halt production all together ◦G◦Gain publicity ◦C◦Company gets bad publicity ◦A◦Applies pressure
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WWork to Rule ◦S◦Strictly, Rigidly follow rules/regulations ◦W◦Work often slows ◦W◦Workers paid normally ◦N◦Nothing wrong
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Go Slow ◦ Similar to “work to rule” ◦ Workers do jobs more slowly ◦ Deliberately take longer to complete tasks
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NNon-Cooperation ◦W◦Workers refuse to have anything to do with new working practices that they do not approve of
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OOver-time Ban ◦N◦Normal working hours carried out only ◦N◦No additional work time is done ◦D◦Damaging to the company
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Loss of Output Loss of Income/Profit Poor Reputation Cash Flow Problems For Employers Customers maybe lost to other firms as orders not delivered
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Loss of Wages Threat of job losses For Employees
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Find Alternative Supplier May cost more for product Shortage of Product May not be able to produce goods For the Firm’s Customers Deliveries not made
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Workers have less money to spend Lower Income means less tax collection Exports lost Less products being produced - imports Striking firm may have to lay off workers – Incomes fall, unemployment rises For the Economy Bad reputation from not delivering on time
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Strikes are damaging for both employers and employees These agreements usually involve an “independent ARBITRATOR”
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Dismiss Workers Lock Workers Out Pay Freeze
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Poor Wage Rates Poor conditions of employment Poor working conditions
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Rigid/Authoritarian Management Restricted flow of information Frustration
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Rapid/Poorly Planned Change Employees downgraded or moved without consultation
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Rapid/Poorly Planned Change Employees downgraded or moved without consultation
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Lack of involvement in decision-making Employees feel less important Employees feel bored, alienated and uncared for
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Decrease in market share Job security issues
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This occurs when employees contribute and are involved in the decision making in the business
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WWorker Directors ◦a◦appointed representative ◦u◦usually do not attend board meetings WWorks Council ◦R◦Representatives of workforce meet ◦D◦Discuss management proposals ◦F◦Feedback on ideas and comments ◦I◦Issues may include; HHealth and Safety IIntroduction of New Machinery
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QQuality Circles ◦U◦Used by many companies (especially Japan) ◦E◦Encourage continuous development ◦T◦Team Working ◦D◦Discussions on improvement on how things are carried out or how the product is assembled ◦I◦Improved feeling of importance and motivation of employees results
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Democratic Styles of Leadership ◦ delegation
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