1. Chapter 7 Sections 2 and 3

2. Section 2 How Does Evolution Occur?
In the early 1800’s scientists figured out that the Earth is older than previously thought
Bizarre fossils were found
Fossils were found in odd places
Seashell fossils found on mountains

3. Charles Darwin Took the Beagle voyage in 1831 Had a degree in theology
Dad wanted him to be a doctor but he couldn’t watch surgery, it made him sick

4. Charles Darwin
Darwin was really interested in studying plants and animals
On his 5 year Beagle voyage, he served as a naturalist, a scientist that studies nature
He took samples and notes about the plants and animals he saw on the trip

5. Natural Selection
Darwin’s observations became the foundation for evolution by the mechanism of natural selection
Natural selection is also known as survival of the fittest
Individuals with favorable traits will survive and pass those traits into the next generation

6. Beagle Voyage
Darwin’s trip traveled to the Galapagos Islands, formed by volcanoes, off the coast of Ecuador in South America
Darwin noticed that finches on the islands were similar but different than the birds on the mainland and other islands

7. Beagle Voyage

9. Darwin’s Finches
Darwin noticed the finches on the islands had different beak shapes and ate different foods

10. Finches
Darwin thought the finches on the islands originated from finches on the mainland
Darwin figured the wind from a storm helped the birds fly to the new islands

11. Return to England
Darwin used three sources to develop his evolution theory
Farmers and breeders
Geologists like Charles Lyell
Thomas Malthus

12. Farmers and Breeders
Selective breeding- traits are chosen that are favorable and only individuals with those traits are bred
Example: Dogs
There are over 150 breeds selective bred from the ancestral canine

13. In the wild
For these types of changes to happen in the wild, it takes longer
Variations in species is due to chance

14. Charles Lyell
Darwin learned from Lyell that the earth was formed by natural processes over a long period of time
Due to fossils and current species, Darwin had already thought changes in populations took a long time as well

15. Charles Lyell

16. Thomas Malthus
Darwin learned humans and other animals can produce more offspring than the food supply will support
Starvation and disease will kill off the weak and the strong will survive to reproduce the next generation

17. Thomas Malthus

18. Increase versus Food Availability
Increase in
human population
Quantity
Increase in
food supply
Time

19. Natural Selction
In 1858, Darwin started to collaborate with Alfred Russel Wallace
In 1859, Darwin published his research, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Darwin believed natural selection is how evolution occurs

20. Alfred Russel Wallace

21. Natural Selection Overproduction Genetic Variation
Species produce more offspring than will survive to maturity
Genetic Variation
Individuals are different from each other slightly
Some traits will increase chance of survival and reproductive success while other traits will decrease chances

22. Natural Selection Struggle to Survive Successful Reproduction
Resources will vary in availability (food and water)
Some will be killed while others survive
Successful Reproduction
Well adapted individuals will reproduce and produce offspring with similar “strong” traits while the weak will not live long enough to reproduce or only produce a few offspring

23. More Evidence
’s biologists combine genetic inheritance and Darwin’s theories to explain variance in population
Variations are caused by mutations
Mutation- change in genes

24. Section 3
Natural selection explains how a population changes over TIME.
Generation time is the period between the birth of a generation and the birth of the next generation

25. Insect Resistance
Some insects survive the farmer’s insecticides or poison and survive to produce offspring with the same genes until most of the population is adapted to resist the insecticide

26. Peppered Moths Peppered moths have 2 color variations, light and dark
Before the industrial revolution the light moths blended into the trees better and were eaten less by birds and were more abundant in the population
After the revolution, pollution made the trees darker and the darker moths were eaten less and more abundant

27. Peppered Moths

28. Formation of New Species
Separation
Part of the population gets separated
Mountains, canyon, roads, river
Adaptation
Environment changes in one area
Individuals adapt to that change
Division
Populations become so different over time they can no longer interbreed and become different species