1. Heat and Temperature
By: Ms. Lyons

2. What is Heat?? Heat = Thermal Energy!!
Thermal Energy = the total energy of all of the particles in a material or object.
Throughout the ages people have invented a variety of devices to help create and capture heat for use.

3. Topic 1: Using Energy from Heat
What are some ways that we use heat?
Cook food
Warm buildings
Dry clothes
What are some ways Thermal Energy has been used throughout history?

4. Development of Heat Technologies
What heat technologies can you think of that have been developed through-out time? Why have they changed?
Examples….

5. Devices to generate, transfer, control or remove heat
Heat = Thermal energy
Can you think of any examples of devices that generate, transfer, control or remove heat?

6. Topic 2: Measuring Temperature
Thermometer: Mechanical or electrical device for measuring temperature. Early thermometer was invented by Galileo.
Scale: A series of equally measured sections that are marked and numbered for use in measurement.

7. Celsius Scale
Celsius Scale: Most commonly used in Canada. Unit of temperature is called a degree. Based on the boiling and freezing points of water.
Boiling Point: The temperature at which water boils. 100o C at sea level.
Freezing Point: The temperature at which water freezes. 0o C at sea level.

8. Another Scale… Kelvin is another way of measuring temperature.
Scientists use Kelvin to explain the behaviour of gases.
“Absolute Zero” is measured in Kelvin – which is the coldest possible temperature
0 Kelvin = -273 ºC

9. Right Device for the Job
Each thermometer has a sensor – a material which is affected by changes in the environment (such as temperature)
The sensor produces a signal (information about temperature, such as an electrical current) which affects a responder (a pointer, light or other mechanism that uses the signal in some way)

10. The Thermocouple
Wires made up of two different metals are twisted together.
When the wire tips are heated, a small electric current is generated
The amount of current depends on the temperature.
They can measure higher temperatures than thermometers.
The electric current can be used to turn switches on or off if the temperature changes.
Used in kilns, diesel engines and industrial furnaces

11. Bimetallic Strip Made of two different metals joined together
When the strip is heated one metal expands more than the other
Thus the strip coils more tightly
Movement of the strip can operate a switch that can control furnaces…commonly used in thermostats in homes

12. Your Brain…(extra) Your brain has its own temperature sensor.
It monitors your own internal temperature. If the temperature outside changes, the sensor signals your brain to release chemicals that will help your body adjust to normal temperature (37°C)

13. Continued
Recording Thermometer: A bimetallic strip connected to a writing device and paper which records temperature fluctuations over time.
Infrared Thermogram: Records infrared radiation, (heat sensor) as different colors according to their temperature.

14. Topic 3: Particle Model of Matter, Temperature and Thermal Energy
Reminder: matter is anything that takes up space
Three most important ideas of the model:
All substances are made of particles too small to see
The particles are always in motion
The particles have space between them

15. When motion of particles increases – so does the temperature
When motion of particles decreases – so does the temperature
Temperature indicates the average speed of particle motion in a substance

16. Glow Stick Demonstration
What will happen to the glow stick when it is placed in hot water?
What will happen to the glow stick when it is placed in cold water?

17. Energy
Energy is the ability to do work – in other words to cause change
In order for something to change, there must be a transfer of energy from one thing to another
Ex. Charged batteries run your iPod, dead batteries would not

18. Thermal Energy Energy associated with hot objects
What gives off thermal energy?
                                     

19. What Energy is…and is not
Energy is not a substance.
It cannot be weighed
It does not take up space
Energy describes a condition
Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one type to another or passed from one object to another

20. Temperature vs. Thermal Energy
Temperature = A measure of the average energy of the particles in a material.
Thermal Energy = The total energy of all the particles in a material.
What is the difference??

21. Topic 4: Expansion and Contraction
Contract: Decrease in volume
Expand: Increase in volume
Temperature changes cause things to expand and contract
Heated – usually causes expansion
Cooled – usually causes contraction
Usually more drastic in gases, then liquids then solids

22. Topic 5: The Particle Model and Changes of State
Heat Capacity: Amount of thermal energy that warms or cools the object by one degree Celsius.
Specific Heat Capacity: Amount of thermal energy that warms or cools one gram of a material by one degree Celsius.

23. Sample Specific Heat Capacity Table

24. Solids Solids have definite shape and volume
Cannot be compressed into smaller objects
When solids are heated – they expand
When solids are cooled – they contract

25. Liquids Liquids have definite volume but no shape
Cannot be compressed (meaning if I have 1 litre of coke, I cannot make it fit into a pop can)
When liquids are heated – they expand
When liquids are cooled – they contract

26. Gases Have no definite shape or size Can be compressed
When heated, gases – expand
When cooled, gases - contract

27. Changes of State

28. Definitions: Define, in your notes, each of the following: Melt Freeze
Evaporate
Condense
Sublimation

29. Continued
Evaporative Cooling: A process in which the faster moving particles on the surface of a liquid evaporate and escape into the air, the slower ones are left behind creating a lower average kinetic energy (cooling it)
Particles are more or less organized when they are hot or cold????

30. Phase Changing
During a change from solid to liquid or liquid to gas the average temperature does not change even though heat is being added, the name for the heat that is added is latent heat.

31. Topic 6: Transferring Energy
There are 3 main ways to transfer energy
1) Radiation
2) Conduction
3) Convection
***See handout***

32. Transferring Energy Continued
Energy Source: An object or material that can transfer its energy to other objects.
Radiation: The transfer of energy without any movement of matter.
Radiant Energy: (a.k.a. EMR) Energy that is transferred by radiation.

33. Radiant Energy
All forms of radiant energy share several characteristics:
- They behave like waves
- They can be absorbed and reflected by objects
- They travel across empty space at the same high speed of 300,000 km/s

34. Conduction and Insulation
Thermal Conduction: The process of transferring thermal energy through direct collisions between particles.
Examples of good conductors???
Heat Insulators: Are very poor conductors
Examples???

35. Topic 7: Sources of Thermal Energy
Energy appears in many forms
Potential Energy: Stored energy
E.g. elastic pulled back and ready to be shot.
Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
Examples??

36. Chemical Energy
Stored chemical energy is released in the form of thermal energy when it is burned.

37. Electrical Energy Electricity
Example: hydro-electric dams – falling water is changed to electrical energy

38. Geothermal Energy
Energy that we get from the Earth’s interior

39. Solar Energy
Energy from the sun

40. Passive Solar Heating
Uses materials in the structure to absorb, store, and release solar energy.
Example: a wall of windows

41. Active Solar Energy
Uses mechanical devices to distribute stored thermal energy
Example: fans
Solar Collectors – use stored water or air on the roof, heats it, and then pumps it through the building

42. Wind Energy
Moving air
Is a result of solar energy – as the sun heats the air, the warmer air rises and cools off. Cooler air falls, creating a convection current – this forms wind

43. Fossil Fuels
Chemicals made from plants and animals that died and decomposed millions of years ago and have preserved deep underground.

44. Energy Converters Energy can be converted into another form.
For example a candle can convert chemical energy into heat and light energy.
Candles are energy converters (devices which convert or change energy from one form to another.)
Other examples????

45. Renewable Resources Definition:
Renewable resources are a natural resource that grow at about the same rate they are used up.

46. Non-Renewable Resource
Definition:
A resource which is limited in supply and cannot be replaced once it is used.

47. Renewable Resources in Alberta
Examples:
Trees (Forestry)
Wind (Wind Farms)
Agriculture ( One of the biggest crop producers in Canada)
Water (Dams and water conservation)
Solar ( Solar Panels and Solariums)

48. Non-Renewable Resources in Alberta
Examples:
Oil (Oil Wells)
Natural Gas (Pipelines across the province)
Coal (Mining in Alberta)

49. Positive and Negative Effects On Our Environment
Positive (Renewable)
Plentiful
Non-polluting
Low cost to acquire
Cogeneration
Negative (non-renewable)
Polluting – greenhouse gases, thermal pollution
Expensive
Can be rare
Not plentiful

50. Greenhouse Gases – do not write down
Even though carbon dioxide occurs naturally in the environment (we breathe out CO2 and plants require CO2), it, like anything is only good in moderation. When there is too much CO2 in the air, heat from Earth is unable to escape into space because it is trapped by greenhouse gases (which have a lot of CO2 in them) – scientist believe that this leads to GLOBAL WARMING

51. Global Warming do not write down
When there is an increase in CO2 and greenhouse gases are trapping thermal energy – the Earth’s temperature increases rapidly. A few degrees doesn’t seem to affect us much, but to the Earth, it can make a huge difference. It can change climate zones, plant growing abilities, dry up rivers and lakes, and even melt polar ice caps….What are some effects on the surrounding environments if these things happen?

52. Cogeneration
Sometimes negative effects can be turned into more positive effects – cogeneration uses waste from thermal pollution to produce electricity or uses the waste to heat buildings.
FACT: when fuel burns in a thermo-electric power plant, only about 1/3 of its energy is converted into electricity – cogeneration is efficient because it uses some of the remaining 2/3 of energy

53. The Three Important Renewable Resources to me and Why?
Water: Very important to me since I need water to survive. Water is a very good way to generate energy so that I may have electricity in my home.
Agriculture: It is the most important to me since I need food to live. It provides me with produce to eat and clothes that I may wear.

54. Continued
Sun: The sun gives me energy to go to school everyday. It provides me with light so that I am not always walking around in the dark. It also makes things grow. The best part is that you can capture the sun and turn it into energy that can be used.

55. Renewable Resources

56. Lab Activity… How else do energy resources affect our environment?
In this lab we will look at how renewable resources and our environment are affected by pollution – specifically OIL SPILLS

57. Topic 8: Conserving Our Fossil Fuel Resources
Insulate homes and water lines
Reduce the amount of energy we use
Install a programmable thermostat
Carpool
Others????