1. Selling Hospitality Chapter 7
Phase One— Pre-Negotiation Strategy: Negotiation Preparation and Planning

2. Negotiations are Part of Life
People negotiate all the time:
Friends negotiate where to have dinner.
Lawyers negotiate to settle disputes before they go to court.
Nations negotiate to open their borders for free trade.
Supervisors negotiate with their employees.
Salespeople negotiate with their customers as well as with their counterparts in operations.

3. Negotiations Occur for One of Two Primary Reasons
To create value for each party through exchange
To resolve problems or disputes

4. Prepare for Negotiations
Know the negotiation process.
Have a BATNA (Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement).
Select an effective negotiation strategy.

5. The Negotiation Process Is Similar to the Buying/Selling Process
Phase 1—Pre-Negotiation Strategy
Understanding Negotiations
Prospecting
Pre-call Preparation
Phase 2—Negotiation Process Strategy
Approaching the Buyer
Investigating Needs
Demonstrating Capability
Negotiating Concerns
Gaining Commitment

6. BATNA (Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement)
What is a BATNA? Before the negotiation, decide what you will do if nothing comes of the negotiation. Unless you have a plan B, your anxiety may reach dangerous proportions.
Research shows that those with a strong BATNA will have better outcomes than those without or those with a fuzzy BATNA.

7. BATNA Examples Walking away Prolonging a stalemate
Approaching another potential buyer
Making something in-house rather than procuring it externally
Going to court rather than settling
Forming a different alliance
Going on strike

8. BATNA Dimensions
BATNAs set the threshold in terms of the full set of interests that any acceptable agreement must exceed.
Both parties doing better than their BATNAs is a necessary condition for an agreement.
Thus, BATNAs define a zone of possible agreement and determine the agreement’s location (between each party’s position).

9. BATNA Importance
With a good BATNA, you are confident in walking away from a negotiation if it does not meet your best alternative to a negotiated agreement.
The better your BATNA appears both to you and to the other party, the more credible your threat to walk away becomes, and the more it can serve as leverage to improve the deal.

10. Basic Negotiation Strategies
Competitive negotiations
– Win-lose or hardball bargaining takes place.
– Goals of parties are or appear at odds.
Collaborative negotiations
– Win-win or problem-solving bargaining takes place.
– Goals of parties are not mutually exclusive.

11. Competitive Negotiations or Bargaining
Competitive negotiation strategies and tactics are useful
– when a negotiator wants to maximize value obtained in a single deal.
– when the relationship with the other party is not considered important.

12. Collaborative Negotiations
The fundamental structure of a collaborative negotiation is that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives.
Although there may initially appear to be a win-lose to the parties, discussion and mutual exploration will usually suggest win-win alternatives.

13. Choosing a Negotiation Strategy
Is the outcome
important?
YES NO
Collaboration Accommodation
Competition Avoidance
YES NO
Is the future
of the
relationship
important?

14. Negotiating Strategies— Another View
High
Low
Accommodating Problem
Solving
Compromising
Avoidance Competing
Concern
about
other’s
outcome
Low High
Concern about own outcome

15. What About the Other Negotiating Strategies?
Accommodating
Avoidance
Compromising

16. Accommodating Negotiation Strategy
Accommodating is also known as yielding.
Accommodating involves lowering one’s own aspirations to “let the other win” and gain what he or she wants.
Accommodating may seem like a strange strategy to some, but it has its definite advantages in some situations.

17. Avoidance Negotiation Strategy
Avoidance is also called inaction.
With avoidance, parties show little interest in whether they attain their own outcomes, as well as little concern about whether the other party obtains his or her outcomes.
Avoidance is often synonymous with withdrawal or passivity: The party prefers to retreat, be silent, or do nothing.

18. Compromising Negotiation Strategy
Compromising is a middle way.
Some do not believe that compromising is a viable strategy. They see it as a half-hearted attempt to satisfy the two parties’ interest or as a simple accommodation strategy by both parties.
Some see compromising as a viable strategy.

19. The Negotiation Team
Negotiations are conducted (a) individual to individual, (b) team to team, or (c) team to individual.
Negotiation team members each play roles that support and complement each other.
Leader, good guy, bad guy, hard-liner, and sweeper are the classic negotiation team roles.

20. The Leader
The leader is generally the one with the most experience, not necessarily the most senior member.
Role responsibilities:
1. Conducting the negotiation, calling on others when needed
2. Ruling on matters of expertise
3. Orchestrating the other members of the team

21. The Good Guy
The good guy is the person with whom most of the members of the opposing team will identify.
Role responsibilities:
1. Expressing sympathy and understanding for the opposition’s point of view
2. Appearing to backtrack on a position previously held by his or her own team
3. Lulling the members of the opposing team into a false sense of security allowing them to relax

22. The Bad Guy
The bad guy is the opposite of the good guy and attempts to make the opposition feel that the agreement could be more easily reached without him or her.
Role responsibilities:
Stopping the negotiations from proceeding if and when needed
Undermining any argument or point of view the opposition puts forward
Intimidating the opposition and trying to expose their weaknesses

23. The Hard-Liner
The Hard-liner takes a tough line on everything and presents the opposition with complications and is often deferred to by his or her own team members.
Role responsibilities:
Delaying progress by using stalling tactics
Allowing others to retreat from soft offers that they might have made
Observing and recording the progress of the negotiations

24. The Sweeper
The sweeper picks up and brings together all the points of view expressed and then puts them forward as a single cogent case—summarizes.
Role responsibilities:
Suggesting ways or tactics to get out of a deadlocked negotiation
Preventing the discussion from straying to far from the main issues
Pointing out any inconsistencies in the opposition’s argument

25. Tips for Negotiators Be prepared—do extensive homework.
Have a strategy—and recognize the other party’s strategy and tactics and be prepared to flexibly use every negotiation technique/style you know.
Develop your BATNA—and, know your opposition’s BATNA.
Question and listen carefully—ask probing questions to better understand the other party’s perspective.
Play your negotiation team role—ensure that your team operates like a symphony to beautifully and expertly implement your negotiation strategy.

26. Why Study Sales/Negotiations?
Because as social beings, everybody continuously negotiates—trading one thing of value for something else of value.