1. Declarative Analysis of Noisy Information Networks Walaa Eldin Moustafa Galileo Namata Amol Deshpande Lise Getoor University of Maryland

2. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

3. Motivation

4. Users/objects are modeled as nodes, relationships as edges The observed networks are noisy and incomplete. – Some users may have more than one account – Communication may contain a lot of spam Missing attributes, links, having multiple references to the same entity Need to extract underlying information network.

5. Inference Operations Attribute Prediction – To predict values of missing attributes Link Prediction – To predict missing links Entity Resolution – To predict if two references refer to the same entity These prediction tasks can use: – Local node information – Relational information surrounding the node

6. Attribute Prediction Automatic Rule Refinement for Information Extraction Join Optimization of Information Extraction Output: Quality Matters! A Statistical Model for Multilingual Entity Detection and Tracking Why Not? Tracing Lineage Beyond Relational Operators An Annotation Management System for Relational Databases Language Model Based Arabic Word Segmentation. DB NL? Legend Use links between nodes (collective attribute prediction) [Sen et al., AI Magazine 2008] Task: Predict topic of the paper

7. Attribute Prediction Automatic Rule Refinement for Information Extraction Join Optimization of Information Extraction Output: Quality Matters! A Statistical Model for Multilingual Entity Detection and Tracking Why Not? Tracing Lineage Beyond Relational Operators An Annotation Management System for Relational Databases Language Model Based Arabic Word Segmentation. DB NL? Legend Task: Predict topic of the paper P1 P2

8. Attribute Prediction Automatic Rule Refinement for Information Extraction Join Optimization of Information Extraction Output: Quality Matters! A Statistical Model for Multilingual Entity Detection and Tracking Why Not? Tracing Lineage Beyond Relational Operators An Annotation Management System for Relational Databases Language Model Based Arabic Word Segmentation. DB NL? Legend Task: Predict topic of the paper P2 P1

9. Link Prediction Goal: Predict new links Using local similarity Using relational similarity [Liben-Nowell et al., CIKM 2003] Divesh Srivastava Vladislav Shkapenyuk Nick Koudas Avishek Saha Graham Cormode Flip Korn Lukasz Golab Theodore Johnson

10. Entity Resolution Goal: to deduce that two references refer to the same entity Can be based on node attributes (local) – e.g. string similarity between titles or author names Local information only may not be enough Jian Li

11. Entity Resolution William Roberts Petre Stoica Jian Li Prabhu Babu Amol Deshpande Samir Khuller Barna Saha Jian Li Use links between the nodes (collective entity resolution) [Bhattacharya et al., TKDD 2007]

12. Joint Inference Each task helps others get better predictions. How to combine the tasks? – One after other (pipelined), or interleaved? GAIA: – A Java library for applying multiple joint AP, LP, ER learning and inference tasks: [Namata et al., MLG 2009, Namata et al., KDUD 2009] – Inference can be pipelined or interleaved.

13. Our Goal and Contributions Motivation: To support declarative network inference Desiderata: – User declaratively specifies the prediction features Local features Relational features – Declaratively specify tasks Attribute prediction, Link prediction, Entity resolution – Specify arbitrary interleaving or pipelining – Support for complex prediction functions Handle all that efficiently

14. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

15. Unifying Framework Specify the domain Compute features Make Predictions, and Compute Confidence in the Predictions Choose Which Predictions to Apply For attribute prediction, the domain is a subset of the graph nodes. For link prediction and entity resolution, the domain is a subset of pairs of nodes.

16. Unifying Framework Specify the domain Compute features Make Predictions, and Compute Confidence in the Predictions Choose Which Predictions to Apply Local: word frequency, income, etc. Relational: degree, clustering coeff., no. of neighbors with each attribute value, common neighbors between pairs of nodes, etc.

17. Unifying Framework Specify the domain Compute features Make Predictions, and Compute Confidence in the Predictions Choose Which Predictions to Apply Attribute prediction: the missing attribute Link prediction: add link or not? Entity resolution: merge two nodes or not?

18. Unifying Framework Specify the Domain Compute Features Make Predictions, and Compute Confidence in the Predictions Choose Which Predictions to Apply After predictions are made, the graph changes: Attribute prediction changes local attributes. Link prediction changes the graph links. Entity resolution changes both local attributes and graph links.

19. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

20. Datalog Use Datalog to express: – Domains – Local and relational features Extend Datalog with operational semantics (vs. fix-point semantics) to express: – Predictions (in the form of updates) – Iteration

21. Specifying Features Degree: Degree(X, COUNT ) :-Edge(X, Y) Number of Neighbors with attribute ‘A’ NumNeighbors(X, COUNT ) :− Edge(X, Y), Node(Y, Att=’A’) Clustering Coefficient NeighborCluster(X, COUNT ) :−Edge(X,Y), Edge(X,Z), Edge(Y,Z) ClusteringCoeff(X, C) :−NeighborCluster(X,N), Degree(X,D), C=2*N/(D*(D-1)) Jaccard Coefficient IntersectionCount(X, Y, COUNT ) :−Edge(X, Z), Edge(Y, Z) UnionCount(X, Y, D) :−Degree(X,D1), Degree(Y,D2), D=D1+D2-D3, IntersectionCount(X, Y, D3) Jaccard(X, Y, J) :−IntersectionCount(X, Y, N), UnionCount(X, Y, D), J=N/D

22. Specifying Domains Domains are used to restrict the space of computation for the prediction elements. Space for this feature is |V| 2 Similarity(X, Y, S) :−Node(X, Att=V1), Node(Y, Att=V1), S=f(V1, V2) Using this domain the space becomes |E|: DOMAIN D(X,Y) :- Edge(X, Y) Other DOMAIN predicates: – Equality – Locality sensitive hashing – String similarity joins – Traverse edges

23. Feature Vector Features of prediction elements are combined in a single predicate to create the feature vector: DOMAIN D(X, Y) :- … { P1(X, Y, F1) :- … … Pn(X, Y, Fn) :- … Features(X, Y, F1, …, Fn) :- P1(X, Y, F1), …, Pn(X, Y, Fn) }

24. Update Operation DEFINE Merge(X, Y) { INSERT Edge(X, Z) :- Edge(Y, Z) DELETE Edge(Y, Z) UPDATE Node(X, A=ANew) :- Node(X,A=AX), Node(Y,A=AY), ANew=(AX+AY)/2 UPDATE Node(X, B=BNew) :- Node(X,B=BX), Node(X,B=BX), BNew=max(BX,BY) DELETE Node(Y) } Merge(X, Y) :- Features (X, Y, F1,…,Fn), predict-ER(F1,…,Fn) = true, confidence-ER(F1,…,Fn) > 0.95

25. Prediction and Confidence Functions The prediction and confidence functions are user defined functions Can be based on logistic regression, Bayes classifier, or any other classification algorithm The confidence is the class membership value – In logistic regression, the confidence can be the value of the logistic function – In Bayes classifier, the confidence can be the posterior probability value

26. Iteration Iteration is supported by ITERATE construct. Takes the number of iterations as a parameter, or * to iterate until no more predictions. ITERATE (*) { MERGE(X,Y) :-Features (X, Y, F1,…,Fn), predict-ER(F1,…,Fn) = true, confidence-ER(F1,…,Fn) IN TOP 10% }

27. Pipelining DOMAIN ER(X,Y) :- …. { ER1(X,Y,F1) :- … ER2(X,Y,F1) :- … Features-ER(X,Y,F1,F2) :- … } DOMAIN LP(X,Y) :- …. { LP1(X,Y,F1) :- … LP2(X,Y,F1) :- … Features-LP(X,Y,F1,F2) :- … } ITERATE(*) { INSERT EDGE(X,Y) :- FT-LP(X,Y,F1,F2), predict-LP(X,Y,F1,F2), confidence-LP(X,Y,F1,F2 IN TOP 10% } ITERATE(*) { MERGE(X,Y) :- FT-ER(X,Y,F1,F2), predict-ER(X,Y,F1,F2), confidence-ER(X,Y,F1,F2) IN TOP 10% }

28. Interleaving DOMAIN ER(X,Y) :- …. { ER1(X,Y,F1) :- … ER2(X,Y,F1) :- … Features-ER(X,Y,F1,F2) :- … } DOMAIN LP(X,Y) :- …. { LP1(X,Y,F1) :- … LP2(X,Y,F1) :- … Features-LP(X,Y,F1,F2) :- … } ITERATE(*) { INSERT EDGE(X,Y) :- FT-LP(X,Y,F1,F2), predict-LP(X,Y,F1,F2), confidence-LP(X,Y,F1,F2 IN TOP 10% MERGE(X,Y) :- FT-ER(X,Y,F1,F2), predict-ER(X,Y,F1,F2), confidence-ER(X,Y,F1,F2) IN TOP 10% }

29. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

30. Implementation Prototype based on Java Berkeley DB Implemented a query parser, plan generator, query evaluation engine Incremental maintenance: – Aggregate/non-aggregate incremental maintenance – DOMAIN maintenance

31. Incremental Maintenance Predicates in the program correspond to materialized tables (key/value maps). Every set of changes done by AP, LP, or ER are logged into two change tables ΔNodes and ΔEdges. – Insertions: |Record | +1 | – Deletions: |Record | -1 | – Updates: deletion followed by an insertion Aggregate maintenance is performed by aggregating the change table then refreshing the old table. DOMAIN: DOMAIN L(X):- Subgoals of L { P1(X,Y) :- Subgoals of P1 } L(X) :- Subgoals of L P1’(X) :- L(X), Subgoals of P1 P1(X) :- L(X) >> Subgoals of P1

32. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

33. Synthetic Experiements Synthetic graphs. Generated using forest fire, and preferential attachment generation models. Three tasks: – Attribute Prediction, Link Prediction and Entity Resolution Two approaches: – Recomputing features after every iteration – Incremental maintenance Varied parameters: – Graph size – Graph density – Confidence threshold (update size)

34. Changing Graph Size Varied the graph size from 20K nodes and 200K edges to 100K nodes and 1M edges

35. Comparison with Derby Compared the evaluation of 4 features: degree, clustering coefficient, common neighbors and Jaccard.

36. Real-world Experiment Real-world PubMed graph – Set of publications from the medical domain, their abstracts, and citations 50,634 publications, 115,323 citation edges Task: Attribute prediction – Predict if the paper is categorized as Cognition, Learning, Perception or Thinking Choose top 10% predictions after each iteration, for 10 iterations Incremental: 28 minutes. Recompute: 42 minutes

37. Program DOMAIN Uncommitted(X):-Node(X,Committed=‘no’) { ThinkingNeighbors(X,Count ):- Edge(X,Y), Node(Y,Label=‘Thinking’) PerceptionNeighbors(X,Count ):- Edge(X,Y), Node(Y,Label=‘Perception’) CognitionNeighbors(X,Count ):- Edge(X,Y), Node(Y,Label=‘Cognition’) LearningNeighbors(X,Count ):- Edge(X,Y), Node(Y,Label=‘Learning’) Features-AP(X,A,B,C,D,Abstract):- ThinkingNeighbors(X,A), PerceptionNeighbors(X,B), CognitionNeighbors(X,C), LearningNeighbors(X,D),Node(X,Abstract, _,_) } ITERATE(10) { UPDATE Node(X,_,P,‘yes’):- Features-AP(X,A,B,C,D,Text),P = predict- AP(X,A,B,C,D,Text),confidence-AP(X,A,B,C,D,Text) IN TOP 10% }

38. Outline Motivations/Contributions Framework Declarative Language Implementation Results Related and Future Work

39. Related Work Dedupalog [Arasu et al., ICDE 2009]: – Datalog-based entity resolution User defines hard and soft rules for deduplication System satisfies hard rules and minimizes violations to soft rules when deduplicating references Swoosh [Benjelloun et al., VLDBJ 2008]: – Generic Entity resolution Match function for pairs of nodes (based on a set of features) Merge function determines which pairs should be merged

40. Conclusions and Ongoing Work Conclusions: – We built a declarative system to specify graph inference operations – We implemented the system on top of Berkeley DB and implemented incremental maintenance techniques Future work: – Direct computation of top-k predictions – Multi-query evaluation (especially on graphs) – Employing a graph DB engine (e.g. Neo4j) – Support recursive queries and recursive view maintenance

41. References [Sen et al., AI Magazine 2008] – Prithviraj Sen, Galileo Namata, Mustafa Bilgic, Lise Getoor, Brian Gallagher, Tina Eliassi-Rad: Collective Classification in Network Data. AI Magazine 29(3): 93-106 (2008) [Liben-Nowell et al., CIKM 2003] – David Liben-Nowell, Jon M. Kleinberg: The link prediction problem for social networks. CIKM 2003. [Bhattacharya et al., TKDD 2007] – I. Bhattacharya and L. Getoor. Collective entity resolution in relational data. ACM TKDD, 1:1– 36, 2007. [Namata et al., MLG 2009] – G. Namata and L. Getoor: A Pipeline Approach to Graph Identification. MLG Workshop, 2009. [Namata et al., KDUD 2009] – G. Namata and L. Getoor: Identifying Graphs From Noisy and Incomplete Data. SIGKDD Workshop on Knowledge Discovery from Uncertain Data, 2009. [Arasu et al., ICDE 2009] – A. Arasu, C. Re, and D. Suciu. Large-scale deduplication with constraints using dedupalog. In ICDE, 2009 [Benjelloun et al., VLDBJ 2008] – O. Benjelloun, H. Garcia-Molina, D. Menestrina, Q. Su, S. E. Whang,and J. Widom. Swoosh: a generic approach to entity resolution. The VLDB Journal, 2008.