1. Utilization of Micro Hydro
for Generating Electricity and It’s Potential in Indonesia

2. Utilization of Micro Hydro
for Generating Electricity and It’s Potential in Indonesia
Kusnu Budi Hartanto, Mariana Bariyyah, Mohamad Adi Rahman
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

3. Clean Energy Regulatory Framework in Indonesia
The energy sector in Indonesia is dominated by four key policies and objectives:
Diversification: A key objective of the Government of Indonesia is to reduce dependence on oil by expanding the use of coal, gas, and renewable energy resources.
Rational Energy Pricing: The Government of Indonesia recognizes that it can no longer sustain uniform pricing for electricity and petroleum products across the country, and it has begun to eliminate subsidies.
Energy Sector Reform: The combination of decentralization of government decision-making to give greater involvement to regional authorities, and the need to attract capital investment in the energy sector call for energy sector reform that introduces greater transparency to planning and decision-making. This is now a critical priority for the government.
Rural Electrification: The Government of Indonesia wants to bring electricity to 90 percent of the population by 2020.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

4. Government’s Policy on Renewable Energy
Utilization of Renewable Energy will be part of Government’s policy in promoting “Green Energy Program” under the proposed “Energy Law”.
Electricity Law No. 20/2002 states that Renewable Energy is the first priority for providing
electricity in the country.
The basis for renewable energy development in Indonesia is Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006
on National Energy Policy. It sets national targets for an optimal energy mix in 2025:
(i) less than 20 percent from oil; (ii) more than 30 percent from gas; (iii) more than 33 percent from coal; (iv) more than 5 percent from bio-fuel; (v) more than 5 percent from geothermal; (vi) more than 5 percent from other renewable, especially biomass, nuclear, micro-hydro, solar and wind; and (vi) more than 2 percent from liquefied coal.
Source: Direktorat Jenderal Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

5. Government’s Policy on Renewable Energy
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

6. ENERGI BERKELANJUTAN

7. Indonesian’s Renewable Energy Potential
Energy Sources
Potential (MW)
Installed (MW)
Expected Invest. US$/kW
Expected Energy Cost US$/kWh
Hydro (Big scale)
75,674
3,106
2,000 – 3,000   -
Mini & Micro Hydro
230,913
32 & 22
1,000 – 2,900
0.025 – 0.069
Geothermal
19,658
749.5
910 – 1,500
0.03 – 0.05
Biomass
49.807
177.8
 1,200 – 1,500
Vary 
Solar
4-6.5 kWh/m2/day 5
9,000 – 15,000
1 – 2
Win
3-6 m/sec
0.5
1,000 – 1,500
0.05 – 0.06
Source: Distributed Small Scale Power Plant (DSSPP) in Indonesia - INDONESIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOCIATY (IRES)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

8. What is Micro-Hydro Power Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management
Flowing and falling water have potential energy. Hydro power comes from converting energy in flowing water by means of a water wheel or through a turbine into useful mechanical power. This power is converted into electricity using an electric generator.
Hydro Power schemes are classified by the output power which they produce as approximately:
Large scale: 2 MW and above
Mini: 100 kW to 2 MW
Micro: 5 kW to 100 kW
Pico: less than 5 kW
Micro-hydro schemes produce power from streams and small rivers. The power can be used to generate electricity, or to drive machinery.
What are the benefits of using micro-hydro?
In remote areas, micro-hydro schemes can bring electricity for the first time to whole
communities. This provides lighting, TV and communications for homes, schools, clinics and community buildings. The electrical power from micro-hydro also is sufficient to run machinery and refrigerators, thus supporting small businesses as well as homes.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

9. Potential of Mini and Micro Hydro in Indonesia (Major Islands)
Location
Expected Potential Capacity (kW)
SUMATRA
39,954
KALIMANTAN
8,987
SULAWESI
141,824
MALUKU
2,941
NUSA TENGGARA
24,274
IRIAN/PAPUA
12,933
TOTAL
230,913
Source: Distributed Small Scale Power Plant (DSSPP) in Indonesia - INDONESIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY SOCIATY (IRES)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

10. Micro-Hydro Power Component Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management
Source: Micro-Hydropower System – A Buyer Guide (Canada), 2004
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

11. Micro-Hydro Power Component Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management
Micro-hydro systems have the following components:
A water turbine that converts the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical
energy that drives a generator, which generates electrical power – this is the heart of a
micro-hydropower system.
A control mechanism to provide stable electrical power.
Electrical transmission lines to deliver the power to its destination.
Depending on the site, the following may be needed to develop a micro-hydropower system:
An intake or weir to divert stream flow from the water course.
A canal/pipeline to carry the water flow to the forebay from the intake.
A forebay tank and trash rack to filter debris and prevent it from being drawn into the
turbine at the penstock pipe intake.
A penstock pipe to convey the water to the powerhouse.
A powerhouse, in which the turbine and generator convert the power of the water into
electricity.
A tailrace through which the water is released back to the river or stream.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

12. How to Plan for Micro Hydro System
1. How to Measure Potential Power and Energy
The first step is to determine the hydro potential of water flowing from the river or stream. We will need to know the flow rate of the water and the head through which the water can fall, as defined in the following:
The flow rate is the quantity of water flowing past a point at a given time. Typical units
used for flow rate are cubic metres per second (m3/s), litres per second (lps), gallons per
minute (gpm) and cubic feet per minute (cfm).
The head is the vertical height in metres (m) or feet (ft.) from the level where the water
enters the intake pipe (penstock) to the level where the water leaves the turbine housing
Power Calculation
The amount of power available from a micro hydro power system is directly related to the flow rate, head and the force of gravity.
This is only the theoretical available power, assuming that 100 percent of the power available in the water can be usefully converted. Efficiency of the system also needs to be taken into account.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

13. How to Plan for Micro Hydro System
2. Assessing Power and Energy Requirement
In assessing the feasibility of developing a micro hydro power system, you should carefully examine your power and energy requirements. The power you need is the instantaneous intensity of electricity required to power the appliances you use; this is measured in kilowatts.
To estimate how much electricity you need:
List all your electrical appliances and lights and note when and how long they are used.
Note the power that each appliance consumes. An appliance’s power rating is usually written on
the back of the appliance and is measured in watts or kilowatts.
Record the number of hours each appliance is used in a typical day.
For each appliance, multiply the power rating in watts by the number of hours used each day to
obtain the number of watt hours (or kWh) that the appliance uses per day.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

14. How to Plan for Micro Hydro System
3. Managing Energy Demand and Apply Load Management
Source: Micro-Hydropower System – A Buyer Guide (Canada), 2004
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

15. How to Plan for Micro Hydro System
3. Sizing the System
The most important question in planning a micro hydro power system is how much energy can be expected from the site and whether or not the site will produce enough power to meet your energy needs.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

16. Types of Hydro power Turbines
Impulse Turbines:
Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure.
The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.
High head, low flow applications.
Types : Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine
Reaction Turbines:
Combined action of pressure and moving water.
Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each
individually.
Lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.
Chain Turbines:
It is a gravity machine
It is built up of two parallel chain systems joint together at the chains with a series of
buckets.
The flow rater entering the buckets is controlled by the water valve through a motor to open
or close the valve.
Buckets fill full of water go down to bring to rotary sprocket system.

17. Types of Hydro power Turbines: Impulse Turbines
Pelton
Pelton wheel from Walchensee, Germany (left) and a plan view of a Pelton turbine installation (right)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

18. Types of Hydro power Turbines: Impulse Turbines
Schemes of Pelton Turbines
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

19. Types of Hydro power Turbines: Reaction Turbines
Schemes of Francais Turbines
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

20. Types of Hydro power Turbines: Reaction Turbines
Schemes of Kaplan Turbines
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

21. Types of Hydro power Turbines: Chain Turbines
Schemes of Chain Turbines
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

22. Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro Hydro
Hydropower is fuelled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.
Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or diesel.
Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.
Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.
Other benefits may include water supply and flood control if you have storage scheme.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

23. Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro Hydro
Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Remedies are fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Other remedies can be by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.
Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, which can be remedied by various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water.
Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity. What is the remedy for this ? Subject for discussion for all!!!
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

24. Networking On Mini & Micro Hydro Project in Indonesia
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

25. Micro Hydro Project Benefits in Indonesia
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

26. Success Story Indonesia Micro Hydro (Tea Plantation)
Best Practice
Strong leadership by YBUL, a non-profit organization focusing on promoting green energy projects and tea plantation management took advantage of govt. support for renewable development program. USAID contributed 50% loan and channeled through YBUL while the project owner, PT Chakra, provides balance 50%. Loan tenor is 5 years with 2 years grace.
Success Factors
Collaboration of associated parties and the project owner to provide technical assistance and financing of the micro-hydro project.
Forward looking estate management anticipated increased diesel oil price and support of local community in displacing kerosene using hydro-power.
Lesson Learned
Stakeholders (both public/government and private sectors) worked closely together to ensure successful conversion of diesel generation sets to micro hydro.
Estate management received support of local community at early stage of development.
Results
2×144 kW micro hydro generation replaced high cost diesel generation and reduced about 975 tones a year of CO2 emission.
Operational since 2002 with payback after only 3 years.
Source: Private-Public Partnership WEC PPP Case Studies for Asia Pacific and S. Asia (The Energy Future in an Independent World (Rome, 11/15 November 2007)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

27. Success Story Indonesia Micro Hydro (Tea Plantation)
Source: Private-Public Partnership WEC PPP Case Studies for Asia Pacific and S. Asia (The Energy Future in an Independent World (Rome, 11/15 November 2007)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

28. Success Story Indonesia Micro Hydro (Tea Plantation)
Source: Private-Public Partnership WEC PPP Case Studies for Asia Pacific and S. Asia (The Energy Future in an Independent World (Rome, 11/15 November 2007)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

29. Integrated Micro-hydro Development
Source: Project Facts, Rural Development With Renewable Energy (UNDP)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

30. CO2 Emission National Action Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Emission
Source: Peraturan Presiden RI No. 61 Tahun 2011 (20 September 2011)
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

31. Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

32. Investment Aspect
Unit cost of generation and production of renewable energy sources
Energy Sources
Installed Capacity (kW)
Investment Cost
(US$/kW)
Price (US$/kWh)
1. Micro – hydro 5 15
1360
900
0.0254
0.0128
2. Wind 4 10
2350
3250
0.11
0.13
3. Solar
PV : a-1. Module
PV : a-2. Module
Solar Thermal - kWt
0.1
1.0 22 60
8086
4106
245
176
0.16
0.15
0.04
0.03
4. Biomass 20 80
600
438
0.0299
0.0157
5. Geothermal (Steam)
15000
30000
2000
1460
0.0218
0.0118
Source: DJLPE, 2000
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

33. Micro Hydro Development Issue (Barriers)
Location
Difficult access due to remote locations.
Investment /Financial
Investment cost is relatively high.
Apprehension by the banks and project developers about very low returns on prospective micro hydropower investment
Unavailability of credit facilities for low income communities to support productive uses of Micro Hydro
Human Resources
Limited human resources in rural areas for plant management and operation.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

34. Micro Hydro Development Issue (Barriers)
Institutional & Policy
National energy policies are not translated to specific localized guidelines, rules, and regulations.
No integrated policy and program on micro hydropower generation and application
Low local government capacity in developing comprehensive local energy planning.
Market & Technology
No fully functional focal point for the provision of market development services for micro hydropower.
Lack of effective technical human resource development program
Insufficient implementation of community-based management approaches on micro hydropower development program.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

35. Micro Hydro Development Issue (Barriers)
Limited local industrial capacity to support micro hydropower development,
Lack of micro-hydropower equipment product standard & standardization program.
Information
Insufficient information and dissemination of policies and regulations.
Lack of documentation and publication of existing micro hydropower achievements.
Lack of up-to-date information on micro hydropower resources.
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

36. Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management
Thanks
Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management