1. Transportation Problem
LECTURE 18 By
Dr. Arshad Zaheer

2. RECAP Transportation model Purpose Initial Feasible Solution
North West Corner Method
Least Cost Method
Optimal Solution
Stepping Stone Method
Modi Method

3. Illustration 1 Sources D1 D2 D3 Capacity S1 2 4 3 15 S2 5 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 10 20 40 70
Minimize the transportation cost

4. Initial Solution by North West Corner Rule
Sources
Destination
Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2
Xij 4 3 15 S2 5 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 10 20 40 70
S1D1 box is the most north column so we fill this first. See its column total which is 10 and row total which is 15. we place the less no in the box so is 10. Now the column total has been exhausted/completely filled and we mark zero to below box and the row total decrease to 5.

5. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 10 4
Xij 3 5 S2 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 20 40 70
S1D2 box is the most adjacent west column so we fill this first now. See its column total which is 20 and row total which is 5. we place the less no in the box so is 5. Now the row total has been completely filled and we give zero to respective row total and the column total decreases to 15.

6. Sources Destination Capacity Demand
S2D2 box is the most adjacent north column to the previous cell just filled. So we fill this first. See its column total which is 15 and row total which is 25. We place the less no in the box so is 15. Now the column total has been exhausted and we assign zero to relevant column total and the row total decreases to 10.
Sources
Destination
Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2 10 4 5 3 S2
Xij 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 15 40 70

7. Sources Destination Capacityy Demand2 10 4 5 3 S2 15 7
Xij S3 8 30
Demand 40 70
S2D3 box is the most adjacent west column so we fill this first. See its column total which is 40 and row total which is 10. we place the less no in the box so is 10. Now the row total has been totally filled and the column total decrease to 30.

8. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 10 4 5 3 S2 15 7 S3 8
Xij 30
Demand 70
S3D3 box is the last column so we fill this first. See its column and row total which is 30 . So we place 30 in the box and both column and row balance will be utilized fully.
Every time while finding the initial solution the column and row total of last box will be equal as in the given case 30.

9. Sources
Destination
Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2 10 4 5 3 S2 15 7 S3 8 30
Demand 70

10. Initial solution Sources Destination Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2 10 4 5 315 S2 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 20 40 70

11. No of Basic Variables= m+n-1 =3+3-1=5
m= No of sources
n= No of destinations

12. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 10 4 5 3 15 S2 7 25 S3 8 30
Demand 20 40 70
Basic variables
Non basic variables

13. Total cost Total cost = Xij * Cij
Total is calculated on the basis of all the basic variables because non basic variables are zero and their cost will also becomes zero when multiplied with zero units.
= 10 x 2 +5 x x x 7+30 x 3
=245

14. Criteria for Optimality
All the shadow cost, which must be non negative
Shadow cost, for basic variables is always zero so there is no need to find their shadow cost
Shadow cost:
Vij = (Ui + Vj) –Cij
So we need to find the U and V.

15. Shadow cost Sources Destination Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2 10 4 5 3 15 U115 U1 S2 7 25 U2 S3 8 30 U3
Demand V1 20 V2 40 V3 70

16. If we find the values of U1,U2,U3, and V1,V2 and V3 than we can easily find the shadow cost
Write the equations for the basic variables
U1+V1=2
U1+V2=4
U2+V2=3
U2+V3=7
U3+V3=3

17. There are 6 basic variables and 5 equations so we will give one variable arbitrary value which is equal to zero
Let U2=0
By putting this U2 zero we can easily find the value of all other variables which will be as follows
U1=1 V1=1
U2=0 V2=3
U3=-4 V3=7

18. Sources Destination Capacity Demand 10 4 5 15
U1=1 S2 3 7 25
U2=0 S3 8 30
U3=-4
Demand
V1=1 20
V2=3 40
V3=7 70
Shadow cost of S1D1
Vij = (Ui + Vj) –Cij
V11 = (U1 + V1) –C11
=(1+1) -2 =0
So save time and do not calculate the shadow cost for basic variables. Write the shadow cost on opposite side of cost in the column
Shadow cost of S1D3
Vij = (Ui + Vj) –Cij
V13 = (U1 + V3) –C13
=(1+7) -3 =5

19. Sources Destination Capacity Demand 10 4 5 15
U1=1 S2 3 7 25
U2=0 S3 30
U3=-4
Demand
V1=1 20
V2=3 40
V3=7 70
Our criteria of optimality is non positivity of shadow cost which is not satisfied as we have S1D3 box with positive shadow cost so we use θ

20. Sources Destination Capacity Demand 10 4
5-θ
0+θ 15
U1=1 S2 3
15+θ 7
10-θ 25
U2=0 S3 30
U3=-4
Demand
V1=1 20
V2=3 40
V3=7 70
Add θ in cell having largest positive shadow cost this will disturb the row and column balances for which you need to add and subtract θ from some other cells

21. Max θ = Min of (10,5) =5
The boxes from which the θ has been subtracted
Replace the θ with 5 and make new tableau. ‘

22. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 10 4 3 5 15 U1 S2 20 7 25 U2 S3 8 30 U3
Demand V1 V2 40 V3 70
Again find the shadow cost by finding the same rules as discussed above

23. =220 (cost decreased as compared to previous tableau) Equations:
Total Cost:
=10*2+5*3+20*3+5*7+30*3
=220 (cost decreased as compared to previous tableau)
Equations:
U1+V1=2
U1+V3=3
U2+V2=3
U2+V3=7
U3+V3=3

24. Let U2=0
By putting this U2 zero we can easily find the value of all other variables which will be as follows
U1=-4 V1=6
U2=0 V2=3
U3=-4 V3=7

25. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 10 3 5 15
U1= - 4 S2 20 7 25
U2=0 S3 30
U3= - 4
Demand
V1= 6
V2=3 40
V3=7 70
Our criteria of optimality is non positivity of shadow cost which is not satisfied as we have S2D1 box with positive shadow cost so we use θ

26. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2
10-θ 3
5+θ 15
U1= - 4 S2
0+θ 20 7
5-θ 25
U2=0 S3 30
U3= - 4
Demand 10
V1= 6
V2=3 40
V3=7 70
We can no add θ in S3D2 because its above and below boxes have zero units and we can not balance in zero .

27. The boxes from which the θ has been subtracted
Max θ = Min of (10,5) =5
The boxes from which the θ has been subtracted
Replace the θ with 5 and make new tableau.

28. Sources
Destination
Capacity D1 D2 D3 S1 2 5 4 3 10 15
U1= S2 20 7 25
U2= S3 8 30
U3=
Demand
V1=
V2= 40
V3= 70

29. Total Cost: =5*2+10*3+5*5+20*3+30*3 =215 (The cost further reduced)
Shadow cost Equations:
U1+V1=2
U1+V3=3
U2+V1=5
U2+V2=3
U3+V3=3

30. Let U2=0
By putting this U2 zero we can easily find the value of all other variables which will be as follows
U1=-3 V1=5
U2=0 V2=3
U3=3 V3=6

31. Sources Destination Capacity Demand2 5 3 10 15
U1= -3 S2 20 25
U2=0 S3 30
U3= 3
Demand
V1=5
V2=3 40
V3=6 70
All the shadow costs are non positive (negative) which is the indication of optimal solution

32. Optimal Distribution Total = 70 Total Cost= 215 S1 ─ ─ ─ ─ > D1 = 5

36. Thank You