1. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 1

2. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 2 Probes for Nuclear Processes To “see” an object, the wavelength of the light used must be shorter than the dimensions d of the object. (DeBroglie: p=ħk=ħ2  /  Rutherford’s scattering experiments d Nucleus ~ few 10 -15 m Need light of wave length  1 fm, or an energy Not easily available Can be made with charged particle accelerators

3. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 3 Program Particle Accelerators Interaction of Radiation with Matter Radiation Detection Applications Ion Source Accelerator Target Detectors

4. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 4 Ionization Process 1. e - impact (gaseous ionization) hot cathode arc discharge in axial magnetic field (duo- plasmatron) electron oscillation discharge (PIG) radio-frequency electrode-less discharge (ECR) electron beam induced discharge (EBIS) 2. ion impact charge exchange sputtering e - /ion beam - + q-q- discharge - + q+q+

5. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 5 Penning Ion Gauge (PIG) Source Arc Power 200V, 2A Extractor Power 10kV Beam q + B kG - - + + - Plasma Extractor Electrode Cathode Anode Assembly placed within magnetic field B. Secondary e - emission from cathode oxide layers j + ~ 10-50 mA extracted beam More efficient ion sources use microwave radiation to produce highly ionized plasma  Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR)source

6. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 6 LBL-88” Cyclotron PIG Ion Source Hinged assembly swings between the poles of the cyclotron magnet. Extraction slit

7. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 7 Electron Cyclotron Resonance Source

8. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 8 Duoplasmatron Ion Source High ion density 5.10 14 /cm 3, 10 -2 T, B~10T, j + ~ 1A

9. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 9 Electron Cyclotron Resonance Source No electrodes, magnetic bottle, microwave power 10GHz, 1- 2kW, high charge states

10. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 10 Generation and Selection of Ions Ions produced in the source can leave through extraction channel Desired ion species selected by deflection magnet with adjustable field. Transfer of slow ions to accelerator Gas Carrier Gas

11. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 11 Next: Acceleration of ionized particles

12. W. Udo Schröder, 2004 Instrumentation 12 Injection and Acceleration Transfer to accelerator Acceleration Injection (axial) Ion trajectory (cyclic)