1. Page 1 IPv6 at Yale Rick Beebe

2. Page 2 IPv what? IPv4 = tcp/ip = IP address + protocols 130.132.35.53

3. Page 3 Why Do We Need IPv6? MORE ADDRESSES! Depletion of IPv4 addresses 4 billion possible 1.8 billion mobile communication devices sold in 2008 IPv4 was never expected to last this long OSF.1 was going to take over CIDR and NAT gained us a decade

4. Page 4 Explosion of New Internet Appliances

5. Page 5 What Ever Happened to IPv5? 0IPMarch 1977 version(deprecated) 1IPJanuary 1978 version(deprecated) 2IPFebruary 1978 version A (deprecated) 3IPFebruary 1978 version B (deprecated) 4IPv4September 1981 version (current widespread) 5STStream Transport (not a new IP, little use) 6IPv6December 1998 version (formerly SIP, SIPP) 7CATNIPIPng evaluation (TP/IX; deprecated) 8PipIPng evaluation(deprecated) 9TUBAIPng evaluation(deprecated) 10-15unassigned

6. Page 6 What Does IPv6 Offer? Fixes many of the shortcomings of IPv4 More efficient routing More efficient packet processing Directed data flows Simplified network configuration No more NAT Security built in and, of course, 128 bits of addresses

7. Page 7 What were the goals of a new IP design? Expectation of a resurgence of “always-on” technologies –xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, Cell-phones, etc. Expectation of new users with multiple devices. –China, India, etc. as new growth –Consumer appliances as network devices –(10 15 endpoints) Expectation of millions of new networks. –Expanded competition and structured delegation. –(10 12 sites)

8. Page 8 How big is 128 bits? IPv4 is 32 bits: 4,294,967,296 addresses IPv6 is 128 bits: 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,2 11,456 addresses (Three hundred and forty undecillion, two hundred and eighty-two decillion, three hundred and sixty-six nonillion, nine hundred and twenty octillion, nine hundred and thirty-eight septillion, four hundred and sixty-three sextillion, four hundred and sixty-three quintillion, three hundred and seventy-four quadrillion, six hundred and seven trillion, four hundred and thirty-one billion, seven hundred and sixty-eight million, two hundred and eleven thousand, four hundred and fifty- six.) The smallest subnet allocation is /64 which contains 4 billion IPv4 networks!

9. Page 9 What does an address look like? Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons: 2604:b200:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 The hexadecimal digits are case-insensitive. An IPv6 address can be abbreviated with the following rules: Omit leading zeroes in a 16-bit value. Replace one group of consecutive zeroes by a double colon.

10. Page 10 Compression rules Fully qualified address fe80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329 Omit leading zeroes in a 16-bit value fe80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329 Replace one group of consecutive zeroes by a double colon fe80 : : 202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329 Below are the text representations of these addresses: fe80:0000:0000:0000:0202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 fe80:0:0:0:202:b3ff:fe1e:8329 fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329

11. Page 11 Yale IPv6 Address Scheme 2604 : b200 Yale prefix

12. Page 12 Yale IPv6 Address Scheme 2604 : b200: 0000 Service/Router 0000 – infrastructure and p to p 0001 – Data Center subnets 0002 – Anger 0003 – College 0004 – Envy 0005 – Lust 0600 – access.yale.edu (VPN) 0609 – Med imaging firewall etc

13. Page 13 Yale IPv6 Address Scheme 2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000 VLAN ID in hex Service ID 0 = data 1 = voice

14. Page 14 Yale IPv6 Address Scheme 2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000: 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329 Interface address

15. Page 15 Yale IPv6 Address Scheme 2604 : b200 : 0000 : 0000 : 0202 : b3ff : fe1e : 8329 Easy calculator available at: http://dno.med.yale.edu/ipv6.php

16. Page 16 IPv6 - Addressing Model Link-Local Site-LocalGlobal Addresses are assigned to interfaces change from IPv4 model : Interface 'expected' to have multiple addresses Addresses have scope Link Local Site Local Global Addresses have lifetime Valid and Preferred lifetime

17. Page 17 Types of IPv6 Addresses Unicast –One address on a single interface –Delivery to single interface Multicast –Address of a set of interfaces –Delivery to all interfaces in the set Anycast –Address of a set of interfaces –Delivery to a single interface in the set No broadcast addresses

18. Page 18 Types of IPv6 Addresses Unicast and Anycast: first 3 bits 001 Reserved: first 8 bits 0000 0000 (hex 00) Embedded IPv4 addresses in this space Multicast: first 8 bits 1111 1111 (hex ff) Default route: ::/0 (0.0.0.0/0) Loopback: ::1/128 (127.0.0.1) Link Local: fe80::/10 (169.254.0.0/16) Site Local: fc00::/7 (rfc1918) IPv4: 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:10.1.68.3(::FFFF:10.1.68.3)

19. Page 19 Advantage: Efficient Routing Header is larger, but simpler Routers do not fragment No checksum TTL is now Hop Limit Route aggregation

20. Page 20 Advantage: Multicast No more broadcasts All-Nodes packet sent to ff02::1 Because Multicast is built-in, configuration is significantly easier than in IPv4

21. Page 21 Advantage: SLAAC Stateless Address Autoconfiguraton Host sends a router solicitation message Router sends back router advertisement Includes network, netmask and gateway May remove the need for DHCP servers Host generates its own host address May be NIC address May be randomly generated for privacy

22. Page 22 Advantage: Security IPSec encryption is built into the protocol although its use is optional All implementations required to support authentication and encryption headers (“IPsec”) Authentication separate from encryption for use in situations where encryption is prohibited or prohibitively expensive Key distribution protocols are under development (independent of IP v4/v6) Support for manual key configuration required

23. Page 23 Where is it at Yale? Prefix assigned through ARIN: 2604:b200::/32 IPv6 enabled through virtually entire infrastructure www.yale.edu reachable via IPv6:www.yale.edu 2604:b200:6:65::10 Building 25 4th floor Computer Science Zoo Sprague Hall IPv6 on DNS servers Participated in World IPv6 Day!

24. Page 24 Thank you