1. PROGRESS IN PRODUCTION OF SUPER YIELDING HYBRID BASMATI RICE IN KENYA
DR. Paul Njiruh Nthakanio………TUK
Dr. James I. Kanya …………………UoN
Dr. John M. Kimani ………………...KARI Mwea
Dr. Raphael Wanjogu ………………MIAD
FUNDED / COLLABORATORS
NATIONAL IRRIGATION BOARB , TUK, UoN, KARI

2. HYBRID RICE PROJECT Work started in 2011 under NCST funding.
In 2012, we approached NIB which agreed to support the project financially.
Project is being conducted in four phases
Phase one: Adaptability of breeding rice lines in Kenya at KARI Mwea (In green house and natural conditions):-Done
Phase Two: Breeding. Hybridization between Basmatis (370 and ) as paternal parents and PGMS and TGMS rice lines (Obtained from IRRI):- On going.
Phase Three: Natural sterility induction in Mombasa; On going.

3. Phase 4: Production of hybrid rice in Bunyala and Mwea.
Publication
Kanya J.I., Njiru P.N., Kimani J.N., Wanjogu R.K. (2013): Evaluation of Photoperiod and Thermosensitive Genic Male Sterile Lines For Hybrid Rice Seeds Production in Kenya. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research ( (Print) (Online) Vol. 3, No. 2, p , 2013).

4. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background : Rice production in Kenya
Over 300 tonnes of rice is consumed in Kenya.
About 100 tones is locally produced.
In Kenya rice is mainly grown in Mwea, Ahero, Bunyala, West Kano, Yala Swamp (MoA, 2011).
About 98% of Mwea rice is Basmati.
By year 2030 Kenya population is expected to be 60.0million.
Rice yield is expected to increase 600% to feed the population.

5. 1.2 Rice Situation in Kenya
Table1. Source: NCPB and Department of Land, Crops Development and Management, USDA
Year
2006
2013
2030
2050
Kenya Population
38m
40m
60m ??
Production (Tones)
64,840
100,00
Area (ha)
23,106

6. 1.3 Food security Problem
Global Concerns
High yielding varieties (HYV) dwarf rice varieties have reached breeding plateau hence global yield.
Green revolution technology now need re- innovation.

7. Kenya concerns
Low yield per hectare of Basmati rice (4.1ha) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010).
Rice consumption is far above production.
Rice diseases like blast continue to reduce yields (Wanjogu and Mugambi, 2001).

8. 1.4 Hybrid Vigour and higher yields
Hybridization has been used to increase rice yield per hectare (Zhang, 2010).
High yield is due to heterosis or hybrid vigour.

9. 1.5 Measuring heterosis? Mid-Parent (MP) heterosis F1-MP
(F1 performs better than mean of two parents):
F1-MP MP
X100
Better Parent (BP) heterosis
(F1 performs better than better parent):
F1-BP BP
X100
Standard heterosis
(F1 performs better than the check variety):
F1-CK CK
X100

10. Production of Hybrid
To make a cross Male and female parents are needed.
a) Female need to have non-viable male gametes so that they can be crossed with another variety.
b) Male parent: need to have viable pollen.

11. CMS vs EGMS

12. Hybridization x Male parent with fertile pollen
Female with sterile pollen but fertile ovule.
Male parent with fertile pollen
Hybrid plant

13. 1.7 Male emasculation Methods of male emasculation
Male emasculation is done to induce male sterility, a condition in which the pollen grains are not viable to fertilize normally to set seeds.
Methods of male emasculation
a) Environmental Genic Male sterility method (EGMS)
PGMS – photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile lines. Uses long daylight length to induce sterility
TGMS - thermosentive genic male sterile lines Uses high temperature to induce sterility

14. Methods of emasculation continued
b) Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CMS) Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of a genetic factor (S) present in the cytoplasm and nuclear gene (s). c) Chemically induced male sterility Male sterility is induced by some chemicals (gametocides).

15. CMS Vs PGMS . Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant
Fertile
S-line
Multiplication
Critical Fertility Point
Critical Sterility Point
Reproductive Upper Limit
Reproductive Lower Limit
Sterile
F1 Seed
Production
Partial Sterility
Model of Sterility / Fertility Expression for TGMS Rice
Temperature
low
high
Based on the discovery of P(T)GMS mutant
Male sterility controlled by 1 or 2 pairs of recessive gene(s)

16. 1.8 Objective
Use hybrid rice technology to raise yield i) Introduce EGMS in Kenya and test for their adaptability. ii) Develop Basmati with EGMS gene. iii) Produce hybrids by crossing EGMS-Basmati with conventional Basmati.

17. 2. MATERIALS EGMS included; PGMS and TGMS LINES FROM IRRI. These are:-
PGMS Lines
V1 - IR S
V3 - IR S
TGMS Rice
V2 - IR S.
Basmati370

18. 3. METHODS Test for EGMS adaptability Sowing of EGMS in KARI Mwea.
Growth at sterility conditions and spikelet fertility assessed.
Growth under fertility inducing conditions and spikelet fertility assessed.

19. Sowing of EGMS in greenhouse
a b
Fig. a and b show EGMS and the greenhouse respectively

20. 3.1.2 Complete male sterile EGMS
a b c
a). EGMS under sterility inducing conditions, b). sterile panicle and c). Pollen from sterile panicle.

21. Reversion of EGMS to fertility (fertility inducing conditions )
a b C
a). EGMS rice plant, b). Panicles and c). Pollen from plants grown under fertility inducing conditions respectively with grains.

24. Anthocyanin Morphological Marker
V1 xb370 cross

25. Marker aided breeding
Lane 1: Rader, V1xB217, V1 xB370, V2xB217, V2xB370, V3xB217, VxB370)

26. Marker aided breeding continued
Ladder V1,V1xB217, B217

28. STARING MOMBASA WORK

29. Contact person at KARI Mutwapa

30. Planning for Malindi sowing
Sabaki river

31. F4 Lines Under Test
S/No
New line being tested
Remarks 1
V1B217P001
Long awns 2
V13B217P002
Long awns 3
V1B217P003
 awnless 4
V1B217P004
Short awns 5
V1B217P005
V1B217P006 6
V1B217P007

32. F4 Lines under trial V1XB217 52 V2X217 23 V3X217 35 V1X370 38 V2X 370
 Line Identity
Number of lines under trial
 V1XB217 52
V2X217 23
V3X217 35
V1X370 38
V2X 370 55
V3X 370

33. F3 plants in the field

34. F3 Plants in the field

35. Acknowledgement MIAD NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
M2U00022.MPG

36. THANK YOU