1. Simultaneous EEG and EMG Biofeedback for Peak Performance in Musicians N.Pop-Jordanova, O.Bazanova*, D. Georgiev**, A.Kondratenko***, O.Kondratenko***, S.Markovska-Simoska**, J.Mernaya* Faculty of Medicine, Skopje *Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk **Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje *** Macedonian Music Academy, Skopje N.Pop-Jordanova, O.Bazanova*, D. Georgiev**, A.Kondratenko***, O.Kondratenko***, S.Markovska-Simoska**, J.Mernaya* Faculty of Medicine, Skopje *Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk **Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje *** Macedonian Music Academy, Skopje Conjunct COST B27 and SAN Scientific Meeting, Swansea, UK, 16-18 September 2006

2. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 2 The title, The title, the affiliation the affiliation the aim the aim The title, The title, the affiliation the affiliation the aim the aim Macedonia Russia

3. "Never must your fingers stand in the way of your artistic interpretation," Carl Czerny "Never must your fingers stand in the way of your artistic interpretation," Carl Czerny

4. The EMG and EEG features of musical performance skills The EMG and EEG features of musical performance skills Biofeedback for musical performance skills Biofeedback for musical performance skills STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS

5. .Musical performance skills rely on cognitive processes of awareness and optimal muscle activation without increasing the tension of muscles which do not participate in the execution. (Bernstein, 1967)

6. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 6 (Lotze M. & al. 2003) Skilled musicians use much less motor areas of brain than non musicians

7. (Petsche & Etlinger, 1998, Hassler 2000, Bazanova & al 2003, Bazanova &Kondratenko, 2005) The electrophysiological indices of OPTIMAL functioning of musician-performer

8. EMG - Biofeedback reduces on target muscle tension of musicians performers Biofeedback in training for musical performance (Hale,1981; Zinn et Zinn, 2003; Paterson et al 2005) Theta/alpha training for musicality Egner,Gruzeleir 2003

9. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 9 InterfaceInterface Monitor presentation Biofeedback signal EMG Sensors EEG Sensors

10. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 10 Alpha peculiarities (Kaiser, 2001; Hanslmayr et al., 2005)

11. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 11 1 2 3 AIMS AIMS 1 2

12. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 12 To compare responses of musicians with high and low individual alpha peak frequency to usual practice and practice combined with long term simultaneous individual alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. To investigate the impact of alpha-EEG/EMG biofeedback on electrophysiological and psychometric parameters in musicians. AIMS

13. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 13 Methods Methods Participants Procedure Biofeedback Data analysis

14. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 14 Control Group(23) Experimental group(28) IAPFlow ≤10Hz high >10Hz low ≤10Hz high >10Hz total121114 male5466 female7788 piano4356 wind inst.3344 violin5453 viola11

15. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 15 Experimental group (BFB) Control group Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Low IAPF ≤10HZ High IAPF >10 Hz Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) EEG-EMG status monitoring ALPHA-EMG BFB Usual musical practice EEG-EMG status monitoring Interview, Psychometric tests Concert – (Performance) Procedure

16. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 16 Psychometric instruments Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Rheinberg Self-actualization Inventory Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory Rheinberg Self-actualization Inventory

17. Concert performance Double blind expert evaluationDouble blind expert evaluation –video –unknown students CriteriaCriteriatechniquerhythmmusicality Double blind expert evaluationDouble blind expert evaluation –video –unknown students CriteriaCriteriatechniquerhythmmusicality quality of sound creativity creativity intonation intonation

18. Twice per week during two months: Experimental group Control group Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB with practice Usual practice

19. Alpha-EMG Biofeedback Arrows directed up and down indicate successful episodes of meeting training criteria. EEG EMG

20. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 20 Successful periods Alpha Power EMG Power successfulunsuccessful

21. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 21 Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis

22. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 22 Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis IAPF Individual Alpha Peak Frequency IAPF IABW Individual Alpha Band Width IABW IAAS Individual Amount Alpha Suppression IAAS

23. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 23 Eyes closed condition for IAPF Eyes closed condition for IAPF Eyes open vs. eyes closed condition for IABW and IAAS Eyes open vs. eyes closed condition for IABW and IAAS Methods. Alpha activity EEG analysis

24. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 24 Methods: Alpha activity EEG analysis Individual Alpha Band Width (IABW) Cut-off criteria = 20%

25. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 25 Methods: Alpha activity EEG analysis Individual Alpha Band Width (IABW)

26. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 26 Methods. EMG analysis IEMG – Integrated EMG, averaged over 100ms Raw EMG Int EMG

27. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 27 Measurements ANOVA/MANOVA designs EEG indices – Alpha power, IAPF, IABW, IAAS Four-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB)_ Localization (F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2) CoherenceFour-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB)_ Localization (F3-F4, F3-C3, F3-F4, F3-P3, F3-P4, F3-O1, F3-O2) IntEMGThree-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB) State anxiety, Trait anxiety, Self actualization Expert estimation scores Three-way repeated measures ANOVAs: Group (Control; BFB)_ IAPF (<10Hz, ≥10Hz)_ PrePost (pre-Pr, post-Pr, pre- BFB, post-BFB) Methods:Statistical analysis

28. RESULTSRESULTS Comparison of musicians with high and low IAPF Impact of usual practice and alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

29. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 29 Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions Expert estimation * * * * * *

30. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 30 Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions Psychometric scores * *

31. Alpha EEG/EMG BFB in musicians; COST B27 Meeting, Swansea, UK, 2006 31 t = 0.78, n.s.79 ± 76 ± IAAS(P,O)% T-test;high >10Hz low ≤10Hz t = 5.42, p < 0.0019.5 ± 1.4516.7± 4.13 IntEMG (μV2) t = 2.34; p = 0.0450.78±0.040.68±0.07 Coherence in Alpha F3-F4 t = 0.87, n.s.18.58±7.5521.23±4.57 Alpha power (P,O) (µV 2 ) t = 0.95, n.s.3.57±0.794.43±0.83 IABW (P,O) (Hz) Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions EEG and EMG indices

32. Results: Difference between Low and High IAPF groups in baseline conditions * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * usual practice (30 min) alpha-EEG/EMG BFB (30 min) EEG and EMG response to

33. Results: Correlations IAPFIABWIAASIntEMG Technique r=0.54; p<0.002 r=-0.54; p<0.000 Creativity r=0.55; p<0.004 Selfactualization r=0.43; p<0.002 Sound quality r=-0.71; p<0.008 EFC(%) r=0.58; p<0.000 Musicality r=0.49; p<0.001

34. After two months… Usual practice Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB Expert estimation * * * *

35. After two months… Psychometric scores In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB * * * *

36. After two months… EEG and EMG indices * * * * * * In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

37. Efficiency of the biofeedback training * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In control group with usual practice In control group with usual practice In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB In experimental group with Alpha-EEG/EMG BFB

38. Correlations:

39. Conclusions Both, low and high IAPF group showed improvement in the individual alpha and EMG parameters after two months alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. Alpha-EEG/ EMG BFB is efficient in increasing voluntary self-control in musicians during musical performance Both, low and high IAPF group showed improvement in the individual alpha and EMG parameters after two months alpha increasing and EMG decreasing biofeedback training. Alpha-EEG/ EMG BFB is efficient in increasing voluntary self-control in musicians during musical performance