1. CHAPTER (6)
Drilling
Dr. Ahmed Abou El-Wafa

2. 6.1 Introduction
Drilling is a process used extensively by which through or blind holes are originated or enlarged in a workpiece. Drilling is considered a roughing operation and, therefore, the accuracy and surface finish in drilling are generally not of much concern. If high accuracy and good finish are required, drilling must be followed by some other operation such as reaming, boring, or grinding. The most commonly employed drilling tool is the twist drill, which is available in diameters ranging from 0.15 to 80 mm.
Drill f v
Workpiece
Drilling operation

3. 6.2 Drilling with Twist Drills
- Nomenclature of twist drill
Referring to the terminology of twist drill, the helix angle of the twist drill is the equivalent of the rake angle of other cutting tools. The standard helix is 30°, which, together with a point angle of 118°, is suitable for drilling steel and CI.

4. Friction makes matters worse in two ways
Friction makes matters worse in two ways. In addition to the usual friction between the chip and the drill, friction also results from rubbing between the outside of the drill and the hole wall. This generates heat, which causes the temperature of the drill and work to rise. Delivery of cutting fluid to the drill point is difficult because the chips are flowing in the opposite direction. Because of chip removal and heat, a twist drill is normally limited to a hole depth no greater than four times its diameter.
Some twist drills are made with internal holes running through their length which cutting fluid can be pumped into the hole near the drill point. An alternative approach with twist drills that do not have fluid holes is to periodically withdraw the drill from the hole to clear the chips before proceeding deeper.

5. 6.3 Cutting Conditions in Drilling
6.3.1 Machining time
N = 1000 v / π.D
Where:
N : Spindle speed (r.p.m)
v : Cutting speed (m/min.)
D : Drill diameter (mm)
and:
fr = N . f
f : Feed (mm/rev.)
fr : Feed rate (mm/min.)

6. - Machining (drilling) time, Tm (min
- Machining (drilling) time, Tm (min.), can be calculated based on whether the hole is through or blind type: A t
w.p
drill d
w.p
drill
Through hole
Blind hole
Where:
t : Work thickness (mm)
A: Approach allowance accounts for drill point angle, and it can be given by: A = 0.5 D . tan (90 - /2)
 : Drill point angle.
Where:
d : Hole depth (mm)

7. 6.3.2 Metal (Material) removal rate (MRR)
(mm3/min.)
This equation is valid only after the drill reaches full diameter and excludes the initial approach of the drill into the work.
General recommendations for speeds and feeds in drilling

8. Material being drilled
6.3.3 Cutting power
Power = kW
Where:
T : The torque required to operate a drill (N.m), and has been found experimentally to be:
T = C. f D N.m
C : A constant depending on the w.p. material, found from the following Table:
Carbon tool steel
Mild Steel
Cast iron
Soft brass
Aluminum
Material being drilled
0.4
0.36
0.07
0.084
0.11 C

9. 6.4 Operations Related to Drilling
- Reaming: Reaming is used to slightly enlarge a hole, to provide a better tolerance, and to improve its surface finish. The tool is called a reamer.
- Tapping: This operation is performed by a tap and is used to provide internal screw threads on an existing hole.
- Counterboring (التخويش الأسطواني): is the operation of enlarging the end of a hole cylindrically, as for the recess for a counter-sunk rivet. The tool used is known as counter-bore.

10. 6.4 Operations Related to Drilling (cont.)
- Countersinking (التخويش المخروطي): is the operation of making a coneshaped enlargement of the end of a hole, as for the recess for a flat head screw. This is done for providing a seat for counter sunk heads of the screws so that the latter may flush with the main surface of the work.
- Centering: Also called centerdrilling, this operation drills a starting hole to accurately establish its location for subsequent drilling. The tool is called centerdrill.
- Spotfacing: This is the operation of removing enough material to provide a flat surface around a hole to accommodate the head of a bolt or a nut. A spot-facing tool is very nearly similar to the counter-bore.

11. 6.5 Drill Presses (a) Upright drill press
These machines are used for machining holes up to 50 mm in diameter in relatively small-size work. It has a wide range of spindle speeds and feeds. Therefore, they are employed not only for drilling from solid material, but also for core drilling, reaming, and tapping operations.

12. 6.5 Drill Presses (Cont.) (b) Radial drill press
These machines are especially designed for drilling, counterboring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping holes in heavy and bulky WPs that are inconvenient or impossible to machine on the upright drilling machines. They differ from upright drill presses in that the spindle axis is made to coincide with the axis of the hole being machined by moving the spindle in a system of polar coordinate to the hole, while the work is stationary.

13. 6.5 Drill Presses (Cont.) (c) Gang drill press
The spindles are arranged in a row, and each spindle is driven by its own motor. The gang machine is in fact several upright drilling machines having a common base and single worktable. They are used for consecutive machining of different holes in one workpiece, or for the machining of a single hole with different cutting tools.
- A related machine is the multiple-spindle drilling machine which is used to drill a number of holes in a job simultaneously and to reproduce the same pattern of holes in a number of identical pieces in a mass production work. This machine has several spindles and all the spindles holding drills are fed into the work simultaneously. Feeding motion is usually obtained by raising the worktable.

14. 6.6 Work Holding Devices 1- Vise (for small workpieces)
2- Worktable surface, using standard tee slots (for large workpieces)
3- Drilling Jigs (for mass production).
Drilling jigs are special devices designed to hold a particular workpiece and guide the cutting tool. Jigs enable work to be done without previously laying out the workpiece. Drilling using jigs is, therefore, accurate and quicker than standard methods. However, larger quantities of workpieces must be required to justify the additional cost of the equipment.
Examples of the drilling jigs

15. Example 6.1 Solution N2 = 3000 + 0.2 * 3000 = 3000 * 1.2 N2 = 3600 rpm
A drilling operation is to be used to drill 10 mm diameter hole to a certain depth. It takes 4.5 min. to perform the drilling operation. The cutting conditions are N = 3000 rev/min at a feed = 0.2 mm/rev. To improve the surface finish in the hole, it has been decided to increase the speed by 20% and decrease the feed by 25%. How long will it take to perform the operation at the new cutting conditions.
Given: D = 10 mm (blind hole), Tm1 = 4.5 min., N1 = 3000 rpm, f1 = 0.2 mm/rev.
N2 = N N1 , f2 = f1 – 0.25 f1
Required: Tm2
Solution
N2 = * 3000 = 3000 * 1.2
N2 = rpm
f2 = * 0.2 = 0.2 * 0.75
f2 = mm/rev.

16. fr2 = N2 f2
fr2 = mm/min.
From 1st step:
Tm1 = d / fr1
4.5 = d / (3000 * 0.2)
d = mm.
From 2nd step:
Tm2 = d / fr2
= / 540
Tm2 = min.

17. Example 6.2
A 15 mm drill is drilling mild steel (C = 0.36) at 80 m/min. If the feed is 0.2 mm/rev., calculate the torque, and the input power if frictional losses are equivalent to 25% of the cutting power. Find also the volume of metal removed.
Given: D = 15 mm, C = 0.36, v = 80 m/min., f = 0.2 mm/rev., and frictional losses = 25% of the cutting power.
Required: (a) Torque (T)
(b) Input power (Pinp)
(c) Metal Removal Rate (MRR)
Solution
(a)
= 0.36 * (0.2)0.75 * (15)1.8
T = N.m

18. Input power (Pinp) = Pcut + 0.25 Pcut = 1.25 * Pcut
(b) Cutting power Pcut =
N = 1000 v / (π D)
N = 1000 * 80 / (π * 15) = r.p.m
Pcut =
= kW
Input power (Pinp) = Pcut Pcut = 1.25 * Pcut
Pinp = 1.25 * 2.5
Pinp = kW
(c) Metal Removal Rate (MRR) =
fr = N . f = * 0.2 = mm/min.
MRR = ≈ mm3/min.

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