1. Wireless monitoring & control in Agriculture方煒
台大生機系教授

2. Why Wireless ?
Boston central telephone station at 40 Pearl Street after the blizzard of 1881

3. TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today)
Wireless Revolution
1st Transistor, 1947
TI REGENCY TR-1, 1955, $450 (today)
Sony TR-610, 1958
1st Integrated Circuit, ~1958
Integrated Circuit, 1963
Today ~$5

4. Outlines RF WPAN GSM/GPRS WLAN Bluetooth WMAN ZigBee WWAN WiFi WSN
Sensors
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
WWAN
WSN WC

5. 無線個域網路：WPAN 目前IEEE所制訂的WPAN大致有四： IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth，藍芽v1.1
IEEE Bluetooth，藍芽補充規範，降低與WiFi同範疇內運用時的相互干擾問題
IEEE WiMEDIA，標準速、高速WPAN IEEE a UWB，高速WPAN
IEEE ZigBee，低速WPAN (又稱WSAN, S代表Sensor)

6. 無線區域網路：WLAN
IEEE於1999年提出IEEE 的WLAN標準，以此標準為基礎的WiFi成為今日最廣大普及的無線應用，而這樣的發展合作依然在持續中。
IEEE最早提出的三種WLAN實現方式，包括紅外線（IR，Infrared）、5GHz頻段的11a、2.4GHz頻段的11b等，IR版沒有獲得業者支持，畢竟與過往的IrDA無太大差別（都有角度方位限制、都無法穿牆通訊），而11a的流行不如11b，且2003年11g新規出現後幾乎取代多數的11a運用，今日是以11b、11g為主流。
IEEE在制訂11g（也稱為EDR，Extended Data Rate）時，最初是設定能突破20Mbps，但最終確立為54Mbps，同樣的目前尚在制訂中的更新版：IEEE n，將設定突破100Mbps，但許多消息都指出，11n將會有540Mbps～640Mbps的速率。

7. 無線都域網路：WMAN IEEE對於WMAN的規範主要在IEEE 802.16，也是Intel所力倡的WiMAX
WiMAX主要訴求在5～8英哩內的無線寬頻通訊，必要時也可擴展至50km，但那已與WWAN更為混淆、重疊。

8. 無線廣域網路：WWAN
一般的手機，如GSM、PHS（比較像WMAM，因為其基地台覆蓋範圍較小，僅一般GSM基地台的1/5～1/6）、CDMA等就已是WWAN，但是IEEE還是提出其WWAN想法，並編列為IEEE 以進行後續研擬發展。
GSM畢竟是以交換、切換（Switch）為主的通訊網路，而一般資訊用的網路是以封包（Packet）為主，兩者從根基點上就有所不同，雖然GSM基地台也能提供資料傳輸，如GPRS、EDGE等，但傳速依然有限，即便換成3G的CDMA也依然是以語音通話為主的設計，資料傳遞一直被看待成延伸、輔助之用，相信這是IEEE要另訂WWAN的動機之一，此點可從IEEE將802.20的制訂目標命為「MBWA，Mobile Broadband Wireless Access」而得知。
目前IEEE 的進展訊息仍相當有限，僅知將使用3.5GHz頻段，每個行動用戶端裝置至少能有超過1Mbps的存取速率，即便在都市、都會的多阻隔通信環境下，也能在250km/hr的高速移動下進行存取。

9. 無線感測器網路:WSN 隨著IC與電子通訊技術的發展以及無線傳輸科技之普遍，量測系統趨向無線化、小型化、模組化、網路化及經濟與省電化發展。
分散式多頻道遠端監控與即時分析之資料擷取系統的架設已由有線發展至無線。

10. Sensor Network Mote Antenna Server
Interface electronics, radio and microcontroller
Soil moisture probe
Mote
Antenna
Server
Sensor field
Communications barrier
Gateway
Internet

11. Sensor Network
Server
Watershed
Sensor field
Gateway
Internet

12. 無線傳輸 (Wireless Communication)
RF （無線電波）：100~600 MHz, etc.
GPRS是GSM通信升級至GPRS網路，傳輸率理論可達160 Kbps
802.11b/g：無線Internet佈建、筆記型電腦
支援TCP/IP、eathernet等，使用2.4GHz
802.11b/11Mbps、802.11g/54Mbps ，1Mbps傳輸距離可達570公尺
Router/Bridge
IEEE （ZigBee）：家電、電腦、感測器，遊戲和玩具
2.4GHz、868MHz（歐洲）以及915MHz（美國）
傳輸距離規格值75米/傳輸速率介於20kbps～250kbps之間
低耗電待機模式下使用2顆5號電池可驅動6個月
IEEE （Bluetooth）：手機、印表機、汽車、醫療設備
技術誕生於10年前，解決數據短距離無線傳輸。2.4GHz
選用依據：頻寬、傳輸率、獲取容易、使用方便、長期使用經濟、技術經驗普及等因素

13. Collect & Display Data 網路 資料收集到DB DB資料顯示 via Wired LAN
via Wireless LAN
via Telephone line
via Mobile communication GPRS/GSM
資料收集到DB
PHP, Java, etc.  DBMS  Report
VB, VC, BCB, etc.  Report & Control
DB資料顯示
Table, Chart, Picture for current / max / min / avg, etc.
Table, Chart, Picture for History data.

14. RF
150~600 MHz

15. Spectrum Technology, Inc.

16. Base Monitoring Unit
Receives the transmitted data from the wireless remote sensing units, displays the current values, and alarm status. Pre-defined high or low temperature conditions trigger the red alarm indicators and the alarm sounds to notify you of the situation in real-time.

17. Wireless Remote Sensing Unit
Measures the temperature and humidity value and transmits the data wirelessly to the local monitoring unit. It transmits the data over 400MHz radio frequency band and operates with 2Pcs AA batteries (included), which can be installed and replaced very easily by the end user. Battery life is 6 months. Remote units require a radiation shield.

18. MHz, Low power RF
RS232 Serial port

19. Radiation Shield
Protect your sensor from rain, solar radiation, or other sources of heat that can distort measurements.

20. Spec Log® Crop Monitor Software
Log weather data on your PC and produce the reports you need to manage plant growth. Reports include: T/RH Hours, DIF Temperature, Degree-Days, Daily and Monthly Summaries.

21. 2005 售價 34: 1 Ex. rate 15130 NT$ 13430 NT$ 6630 NT$ 4930 NT$ 2550 NT$

22. Netafim, Isreal

23. Weather station ET (Penman) Radiation Wind Rain T & H Soil temp
Leaf wetness
Enable use of the actual/historical data to plan irrigation strategy for future situations

24. Field station transmitter
Reliable and simple
Built-in battery for 5 year
No external antenna
Range – max :1-4 km
Frequency: 150 – 600 MHz
Built-in interface for:
Three Tensiometers
Three TDT Soil moisture
Water meter / tipping bucket
Weather station
Other digital or analog inputs
150~600 MHz

25. Principles of Operation
Data is sampled every 15 minutes and transmitted every 30 minutes to the base station.
Wireless data transfer from the sensors to the collector or a PC
Downloading the data from the collector or the PC via telephone line or cellular
Data processing and presentation for decision-making in real time
Data collecting for historical analyses and research

26. Wireless data transfer
Field Station
Sending range: Up to 1– 4 km
Field Collector
Telephone line
Cellular

27. Extending the Transmitting Range via the Repeater
range 1- 4 km
Range: Up to 7– 10 km
Repeater

28. Remote accesses to data
Local PC
Telephone line
Cellular
Field Collector

29. Decagon Device, Inc., USA

32. ECH2O Probe and Em5R

33. Em5, Em5R

34. Rm1

35. Rm1
902~928 MHz ISM

37. Spectrum Technology, Inc.
Designed specifically for WatchDog stations, the low-power Spread Spectrum radio technology does not require an FCC license. You benefit by locating your station in an optimum microclimate to capture valuable weather data.
System includes four AA rechargeable batteries (replaces the station's alkaline batteries), base station transceiver/antenna with power adapter, transceiver/antenna with solar power for the WatchDog station, and mounting hardware.
900 MHz

38. WatchDog Stations
Model 900ET
Evapotranspiration (ET), solar radiation, wind speed/direction, wind chill, dew point, temperature, RH and rainfall. Three (3) available external sensor channels for leaf wetness, soil moisture or other sensors.
Model 800 Station
This 8-channel data logging station is used for: Soil moisture measurement, Multiple sensor measurements, Microclimate and field research.
Model 700 Weather Station
Wind speed/direction, temperature, RH and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors
Model 600 Weather Station
Wind speed/direction, temperature, and rainfall. Has four (4) available external sensor channels for soil moisture, soil temperature or leaf wetness sensors
Model 550 Weather Station
Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction, temperature and RH.
Model 525 Weather Station
Portable Station Lets You Document Real-Time Weather Conditions At Any Site. Includes wind speed/direction and temperature.

39. Campbell Scientific, Inc.
The CR205 Datalogger includes an on-board 915 MHz spread spectrum radio. The CR205's input channel configuration and small size is optimal for measuring one or two sensors.
The CR215 Datalogger includes an on-board 2.4 GHz spread spectrum radio.
The RF401 Spread Spectrum Radio has a 910 to 918 MHz operating frequency range, which is allocated to the US and Canada.
The RF411 spread spectrum transceiver has an operating frequency range of 920 to 928 MHz, which is allocated to Australia/Israel.

40. GSM/GPRS
1900/850 MHz

41. GSM Introduction

42. Radio Interface

43. GPRS

44. Campbell Scientific, Inc.

47. Comparison between wireless LAN & PAN
Feature
WiFi
(IEEE b)
Bluetooth
(IEEE )
ZigBee
(IEEE )
Radio
DSSS1
FHSS2
DSSS
Data rate
11 Mbps
1 Mbps
250 kbps
Nodes per master 32 7
64,000
Slave enumeration latency
Up to 3 sec
Up to 10 sec
30 ms
Data type
Video, audio,
graphics, pictures, files
Audio, graphics,
pictures , files
Small data packet
Range
100 m
10 m
70 m
Extendability
Roaming possible No
Yes
Battery life
Hours
1 week
1 year+
Bill of material $9 $6 $3
Complexity
Complex
Very complex
Simple
1DSSS: Direct –sequence spread spectrum
FHSS: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

48. /ZigBee vs Bluetooth
/ZigBee more battery-effective at all beacon intervals greater than 0.246s
At beacon interval ~1s, 15.4/ZigBee battery life 85 days
Bluetooth 30 days (park 1.28s)

49. Wireless PAN 802.15.1 Bluetooth
2.4 GHz, 915 MHz, 868 MHz
1 Mbps

50. Bluetooth

51. Wireless PAN ZigBee
433, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz
250 kbps

52. Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
IEEE & ZigBee In Context
Application
Customer
“the software”
Network, Security & Application layers
Brand management
IEEE
“the hardware”
Physical & Media Access Control layers
API
Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
ZigBee
Alliance
Network
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
MAC
IEEE
PHY
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
Silicon
Stack
App

53. What is ZigBee? “Internet Everything”
Your toaster gets an IP address
Wireless standard formed by an alliance of industry leaders
Motorola, Phillips, Samsung, Cisco… over 100 companies!!

54. LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL
Applications
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote
PC & PERIPHERALS
patient monitoring
fitness monitoring
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE
ZigBee
Wireless Control that
Simply Works
mouse
keyboard
joystick
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
RESIDENTIAL/
LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL
asset mgt
process control
environmental
energy mgt
security
HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn & garden irrigation

55. Revolution in Computer, Communication and MEMS
Original IBM PC (1981)
MICAZ Mote (2005)
4.77 MHz
4 MHz
KB RAM
128 KB RAM
160 KB Floppies
512 KB Flash
~ $6K (today)
~ $35
~ 64 W
~14 mW
25 lb, 19.5 x 5.5 x 16 inch
0.5 oz, 2.25 x 1.25 x 0.25 inch

57. MoteIV Technology, Inc., US

58. MoteIV Technology, Inc., US

59. Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA
MICA2DOT
UC Berkley, Smart Dust
Crossbow

60. Crossbow Technology, Inc., USA
Available Sensor Boards
Light and Temperature
Acceleration/Vibration (2-Axis ADXL202 based)
Acoustic
Magnetometer
Weather Monitoring
GPS

61. Crossbow的Smart Dust MICAz模組，長寬各為5.8 X 3.2 cm（DOT模組直徑為2.5cm）
無線傳輸使用315、433、868、900、916 MHz等多段頻率
支援 和ZigBee通訊協定
採用UC-Berkely發展的公開程式碼TinyOS
最大無線傳輸距離約100m，傳輸率250 Kbps
具有8 通道10 bits A/D
3.3V電源驅動，2顆AA電池間歇方式可運作一年
可選配壓力、光照、溫濕度、加速計、GPS等感測器
$105
$125

62. Features of Intel’s Imote
Multicolor status LED
ARM* core
SRAM
FLASH
BT radio
2.4 GHz antenna
Stackable connectors (top and bottom)
Optional voltage regulator (bottom)
Optional external antenna connector

63. Imote2 --Top View 36 mm 48 mm LED Basic I/O connector Dialog PMIC
PXA273
Crystals
Basic I/O connector
48 mm

64. Imote2 -- Bottom View 36 mm 48 mm Advanced I/O connector Antenna
CC2420
Crystal
36 mm
Mini USB
Connector
Advanced I/O
connector
Optional SMA
connector
48 mm

65. Bandwave Technology, Inc. Taiwan
Import
4 Sensors on a chip
T: Temperature (dry bulb) (-40~120 oC)
RH: Relative Humidity (0~99%)
TSR: Total Solar Radiation
PAR: Photosynthetically Active Radiation

66. Bandwave Technology, Inc., Taiwan
USB介面連接電腦
外接輸入介面
溫、濕度與光量(TSR & PAR) 感測頭
使用2顆3A電池

67. Mote feature comparison
Imote
Micaz
Telos
Mica2
Imote2
CPU
32bit
8bit
16bit
32b
SRAM [kB] 64 4 10
256/32,000
FLASH [kB]
512
48 KB / 1024 KB
32,000
Radio BT
MHz
15.4 (BT/802.11)
Bandwidth [kb/s]
720
250 15
250 (720/11,000)
Power C/R/T [mA]
15 / 24 / 24
8 / 20 / 18
1 / 20 / 18
8 / 10 / 27
40/20/18
Power sleep [uA]
1-250 27 6 19
1-100
Security HW
4LFSR-128
AES-128 N Y
OS support
TinyOS

68. Sensor Web
NASA　JPL，Sensor Web

70. NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, USA

71. Pods at the Huntington Garden, CA

72. Pod deployment in Antarctica
Pod deployment in Space Center

73. Pod deployment in Greenhouse

74. Sensor Web Deployment at a Recharge Basin Facility

75. Wireless LAN b/g WiFi
2.4 GHz
11 Mbits

76. Field Server of Japan Light Sensor PICNIC / Wireless LAN device CCD
LED/Fan
Humidity & Temperature sensors

77. Field Server 架構 Accurate Measurement Sampling Cooling Air-temperature
Humidity
Sampling
Gas (CO2, NOx, SOx)
Insects
Microbes
Virus
Dusts
Cooling

78. Field Server of Japan PICNIC card DDA Type FPAA Type
有較開放式的組成架構，系統性能可隨著市場零組件功能進步而發展，FS製作可以相當經濟
容易結合IPv4 與web介面，架設與使用容易
改變了傳統量測儀器之架構，前端只提供感測器原始量測之數位訊號
開放式架構可彈性適用不同環境需求，在農業有很大的應用發展潛能
體積相對較大
功能之發揮依賴後端各類型應用軟體之開發

79. Field Server Engine DDS-type FPAA-type PICNIC 10 bit Ver.1.0 24 bit

80. Field Server Engine-PICNIC
10cm x 7cm
內含10bits 解析度A/D轉換的單晶片微電腦PIC16F877，4點0-5V之間類比訊號輸入，輸出電壓範圍符合的感測器模組可直接連結，如溫度、濕度、日照、導電度、葉面濕度等
4點的5V輸出、4點5V輸入
乙太網路控制晶片RTL8019AS
RS-232及RJ-45接頭，支援TCP、UDP等網路傳輸協定，內可設定一組IP，並提供WEB網頁介面，因此接上網路即可使用
對於一般農業生產管理與環境量測大致足夠
PICNIC
(Programmable Interface Controller with Network Interface Card)

81. Specification of DDS-Type
DDS: Direct Digital Synthesizer
Web server
DDS (1 Hz – 70 MHz)
24bit-AD converter (8 ch)
10bit AD converter (8 ch)
10bit DA converter (1 ch)
Power photo MOS relay(2 ch)
Serial I/O (RS-232C)
DC-DC converter
(in: 4-34 V, out: 5 V)

82. Measurement by DDS Type
Element
Physical parameter
Humidity
Rainfall
Leaf wetness
Soil moisture EC
Water level
Water stress
Capacitance
Impedance
DDＳ
Material
AD-Conv.

83. Field Server Engine – FPAA型
Multiplier
FPAA
Field
Programmable
Analog
Array
20 OP-AMP
Resistor
Capacitor
Cross-bar Switch
Soil-moisture sensor
EC sensor
Plant moisture sensor
Humidity sensor
pH，Pressure，Acceleration
Infrared-Visible LED/LD
Photo sensor
Microphone sensor
Speaker emitter
RF antenna

84. Inside of the Field Server

85. Monitoring results created by Agent System
Real-time data
Live Camera
Database

86. Sample XML file and agent action
get raw data
exchange data
Agent Program
zoom & snapshot
XML configuration file

87. Data Collecting Method
Firewall
Firewall
Private network of FieldServers
Global IP
Data gathering agent
（Web crawler）
FSG
ADSL
Private IP
FSG
CATV
Global IP
VPN
Mobile
PC-Cluster
Internet
Provider
FSG: Field Server Gateway

88. Field Server of Japan Main page
Monitoring page

89. Sensors

90. Sensors: T & RH from Sensirion AG
The temperature sensor and the humidity sensor together form a single unit.
This also enables an accurate and point-precise determination of the dew point, without incurring errors due to temperature gradients between the humidity and the temperature sensors.
Through the unique linkage of these sensor elements with the signal amplifier unit, the analog-to-digital converter, the calibration data memory, as well as the digital, bus-ready interface, all on a surface area of a few square millimeters.

91. Sensors Temperature Sensor: (0 - 100 c 1c) LM35DZ
Humidity: (0 – 100% RH 1%RH) HIH-3610
Pressure: ( KPa 1KPa) MPVX5010DP
Water level: by pressure gauge ( 0 – 10 m  1 cm)
Light: (0 – lux 10 lux) Photo Transistor
Wind Direction: ( 0 – 360 1) Variable Resistor
Wind Speed: ( m/s 0.1m/s) Counter
Rain Gauge: ( mm 0.1mm) Tapping

92. Sensors

93. Sensors: Rain Gauge/Drain Gauge

94. Sensors: soil related
Air or Soil Temperature sensor

95. Sensors: Soil related Tensiometer 張力計 Easy to install
Easy to understand (centibar)
Measures small soil samples
Requires continuous maintenance

96. Soil moisture sensor Volumetric water content Fast responds
Robust & Reliable
Maintenance free
Measuring large soil volume
Can be operated in all crops

97. Soil moisture sensor
The Echo probe measures the dielectric constant of the soil in order to find its volumetric water content.
Since the dielectric constant of water is much higher than that of air or soil minerals, the dielectric constant of the soil is a sensitive measure of water content.
The ECHO probe has a very low power requirement and high resolution. This gives you the ability to make as many measurements as you want (even hourly) over a long period of time (like a growing season, for example), with minimal battery usage.

98. ECHO probe model EC-20 (20cm length)
ECHO Probes: Models and Specifications
ECHO probe model EC-20 (20cm length)
ECHO probe model EC-10 (10cm length

100. ECH2O DataTrac (Graphing Software)

101. Dielectric Leaf wetness sensor
The Dielectric Leaf Wetness Sensor, like its name implies, measures surface wetness by measuring changes in the dielectric on the sensor surface. Designed to mimic the thermodynamic properties of a leaf in shape and dimensions. Specifications are in development by Decagon Device, Inc.

102. CO2 Sensor