1. Planned GPS Civil Signals and Their Benefits to the Civil Community Dr
Planned GPS Civil Signals and Their Benefits to the Civil Community Dr. A. J. Van Dierendonck AJ Systems

2. Acknowledgements
Briefing taken from Chris Hegarty’s Navtech Course to be given at ION-GPS-2001
But then, he is using a lot of my charts
Briefing includes Tom Stansell’s charts on L2CS signal
Briefing includes some Navstar JPO charts

3. Presentation Topics GPS Modernization Overview
New Civil Signals Detail
Performance Enhancements

4. GPS Modernization Overview
Why modernize?
GPS modernization plans
New civil signal summary
Galileo compatibility; plans

5. Why Modernize? National policy - GPS is a vital dual-use system
For civil users, new signals/frequencies provide:
More robustness against interference, compensation for ionospheric delays and wide/tri-laning
For military users, new signals provide:
Enhanced ability to deny hostile GPS use, greater military anti-jam capability and greater security
For both civil/military, system improvements in accuracy, reliability, integrity, and availability

6. March 1996 Presidential Decision Directive (PDD)
GPS is free for peaceful use worldwide
GPS is dual civil/military system
Selective Availability (SA) to be discontinued by 2006 (occurred in 2000)
GPS and U.S. augmentations to be managed by Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

7. Civil GPS Modernization - National Policy
February DoD and DOT agree to provide a 2nd civil GPS frequency
March IGEB decision to implement two new civil signals
January 1999 – 3rd civil signal frequency announced MHz
February IGEB formed 3rd Civil Signal Implementation Steering Group
Established relationship between IGEB and RTCA for development of L5 signal requirements

8. Civil Modernization - National Policy (continued)
November IGEB report Implementation of a Third Civil GPS Signal completed
Recommended implementing L5 with:
6 dB higher minimum received signal power than L1 C/A code
10.23 Mchip/second spreading codes on quadrature channels (no data on one channel)
Other recommendations regarding coexistence of L5 with existing systems operating at/near MHz
Link 16
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)

9. Modernized Signal Evolution
C/A
P(Y)
P(Y)
Present Signals CS
C/A
Signals After
Modernization M M
P(Y)
P(Y)
1176 MHz
1227 MHz
1575 MHz

10. L5 - New Civil Signal Safety-of-life use
Higher accuracy to users when used with C/A on L1
Similar accuracy as military service today
Much more robust compared with C/A on L1
Greater resistance to interference
Approximately four times more power
Improved data message
Higher chipping rate improves multipath performance
Located in an Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band for safety-of-life services use (e.g., civil aviation)
MHz
L5 is a safety of life signal that will provide for civil use. Not only will it be used for aviation, but the entire national infrastructure will use L5. For example, all cargo and transportation will use it from shipping, to train control, to trucking, to air cargo. Communications networks are dependent on GPS civil signal for timing and will be more dependent in the future. The Electrical power grids use the GPS civil timing for synchronization. All safety services will use GPS in the future from police, to fire, to emergency medical services. The economy and national infrastructure will be based on GPS. Therefore, a more robust signal, and redundancy with L1 is required for the future.
The signal is similar in structure to the current military code.
It is 20Mhz wide
Approximately 4 times (6db) stronger than the current C/A code spec.
It has newly designed robust signal structure which also aids in accuracy and tolerance to interference.
It is centered at MHz in an Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) protected band
It has an alternate data-less channel for interference protection
Another reason for the 6dB additional power is co-existence with JTIDS which is also in that band.

11. L2 Civil Signal (L2CS) More robust civil signal service
Civil users currently only have codeless/ semi-codeless access to P(Y) on L2
Increased accuracy
Coded dual-frequency ionospheric corrections at the receiver in the clear
Preferred option - advanced signal structure
Better cross-correlation properties than C/A
Data-free component for robust tracking

12. New GPS Signals - Summary
Today - 2 navigation frequencies, 3 signals
L1 = MHz (154 × MHz)
Coarse Acquisition (C/A) code
Precision P(Y) code
L2 = MHz (120 × MHz)
P(Y) code
Near future - 3 navigation frequencies, 7 signals
L1 C/A, P(Y), and M-code
L2 CS, P(Y), and M-code
L5 = MHz (115 × MHz)

13. GPS Spreading Codes Signal Chipping Rate Carrier frequency Comments
(Mchip/s) (MHz)
C/A (L1) 1023-chip Gold codes repeat every ms
CS (L2) 2 codes per SV each at kHz, future
P(Y) L1 and L2 Repeats once/week
L (L5) 2 codes per SV, future
M L1 and L2 code modulated by MHz square wave, future

14. Signal Power Spectra -6
x 10 1
0.8
C/A or L2CS
0.6
Normalized Power Spectrum (W/Hz)
0.4 M
P(Y)
0.2
-15
-10 -5 5 10 15
Offset from Carrier Frequency (MHz)
Notes: (1) C/A codes actually have line spectra - continuous approximation shown.
(2) L5 signal spectrum resembles P(Y), except that L5 is also a line spectrum.

15. GPS Modernization Program
Last 12 Block IIRs
Add second civil signal (L2CS) and new military signal (M-code) - more signal power
First 6 Block IIFs (“IIF Lite”)
All of above plus new 3rd civil signal (L5)
Next (nominally) 6 Block IIFs
Procured as necessary to sustain the constellation
GPS III (Full Modernization)
Meet future requirements through more M-code signal power
Operational Control Segment (OCS)
Evolutionary incremental development

16. Block IIR- Modified Satellites
L2 Enhancements
New L2CS at -160 dBW
New ME code at -158 dBW
L1 Enhancement
New ME code at -158 dBW L1 L2
- Two new military signals - One new civil signal
- No changes required to batteries or solar arrays

17. Block IIF Satellites Two new military signals
L2 Enhancements
New ME code added
C/A code on L2
L1 Enhancements
New ME code added L1 L2 L5
L5 Signal
New robust Civil Signal
Power level = -154 dBw
Two new military signals
One new civilian signal (C/A on L2 already present)
Could increase power on some of these signals

18. GPS III Overview The GPS III System M-Code Maintain Space User Service
Second Civil Signal
M-Code
Third Civil Signal
1 ON
menu 3 2
Rockwell 4 5 6
WPT 7
POS 8
NAV 9
MARK
CLR
OFF
LOCK
NUM
FIX FOM 1
EL ft
W 091* 38’ ”
N * 01” ”
ZEROIZE
Relook at entire GPS Architecture to:
Achieve long term GPS performance goals
Limit long-term total ownership costs
Ensure GPS system properly addresses and is synergized with
Military and Civil Needs/Systems
Possible augmentation opportunities
Ensure best GPS system for the nation for the next 30 years

19. GPS Modernization Integrated ScheduleCY
2016
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2017
Milestones
IIR Mod
First
Launch
M-Code
Earth
(18SV)
M-Code
Earth (24 SV)
GPS-III
Full Capability
IOC
GPS-III
Full Capability
FOC L5
IOC L5
FOC
ATP
IIF SV1
Launch
IIR Mod Deliveries
IIR SV10-SV21
IIR Mod Launches
IIR SV10-SV21
Space Segment
IIF Lite Deliveries
IIF SV1-SV6
IIF SV7-SV12
IIF SV1-SV6
IIF SV7-SV12
IIF Lite Launches
SV1-SV3
SV4 - SVNN
GPS III Deliveries
SV1-SV3
SV4 - SVNN
GPS III Launches
Control Segment
M-Code/L5
OCS
SPI Contract
Definitization
IIF OCS
Deliver
S/W
OT&E
Comp.
OCS
Training/Validation

20. GPS Constellation Size
Through Block IIF modernization, GPS will remain a nominally 24 satellite constellation
GPS III architecture studies are considering larger constellations as part of system-level trades
Performance benefits of larger constellation
Backward compatibility and costs are two difficulties

21. Galileo Compatibility/Plans
U.S. and European Union engaged in high-level talks on GNSS cooperation
U.S. delegation led by State Department
Low-level discussions will follow establishment of principles for cooperation
Lots of less formal discussions in various forums (e.g., International Civil Aviation Organization GNSS Panel, Joint Program Office visits)
Key issue: should GPS, Galileo share spectrum?

22. New Civil Signals

23. New Civil Signals L5
Signal structure and pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes
Navigation message and data format
Spectrum issues
L2CS
Signal structure and PRN codes
Implementation options

24. L5 Signal Specification
IGEB Working Group 2 (WG2) chartered to develop L5 Signal Specification
Formal relationship established with RTCA Special Committee 159 (SC159) WG1
December RTCA recommendations published (RTCA DO-261)
Air Force has converted RTCA document into L5 Interface Control Document (ICD-GPS-705)

25. L5 Characteristics Summary
L5 = MHz
Bandwidth = 24 MHz (filed)
Minimum Received Power = -154 dBW
PN Code Chipping Rate = MHz
QPSK Signal
In-Phase (I) = Data Channel
Quadraphase (Q) = Data-Free Channel
Equal Power in I and Q (-157 dBW)
Independent PRN Codes on I and Q

26. L5 Characteristics Summary (cont’d)
I and Q Modulation (1 kbps)
Forward Error Correction (FEC) encoded 50 bps data on I (100 sps)
Further encoded with 10-bit Neuman-Hoffman Code
Q encoded with 20-bit Neuman-Hoffman Code
More details to follow

27. Data-Free Channel
No data on Q-channel allows coherent carrier/code tracking
Allows tracking in lower SNR conditions
Power stolen from data recovered through use of forward error correction (FEC)

28. Optimum Division of Power Between Data and Dataless Channel
Courtesy of Dr. Tom Morrissey, Zeta Associates

29. L5 Codes Codes with 2 - 13 stage shift registers
Length of one (XA code) = 8190 chips
Length of second (XB code) = 8191 chips
Exclusive-Or’d together to generate longer code
Chipping rate of MHz
Reset with 1 ms epochs (10,230 chips)
Two codes per satellite (4096 available)
One for Data channel, one for Data-Free channel

30. L5 I and Q Code Generators

31. L5 Code Generator Timing

32. Baseline Codes’ Properties
Same multipath/noise accuracy as P code
Narrowband and CW interference rejection is much better than the GPS C/A code
Not quite as good as P code
Coupled with encoded data bits
Wideband noise rejection is same as P code
Direct acquisition capability
Not practicably available using P code

33. Autocorrelation Peaks (in dB)

34. Probability of Cross-Correlation Level - 0 to 5 kHz
C/A Codes
L5 Codes

35. L5 Power Spectral Density - Reduces the Effect of CW Interference

36. L5 Code Performance Summary
74 Codes have been selected
37 I, Q pairs
Max non-peak autocorrelation  -30 dB
Maximum cross-correlation with other selected codes  -27 dB
Maximum cross-correlation between I, Q pairs < dB
Another pair selected as non-standard code

37. L5 I and Q Code and Symbol Modulation
(Coded) coherent carrier in-quadrature with data
Allows for robust code & carrier tracking with narrow pre-detection bandwidth
Independent codes to remove QPSK tracking bias

38. L5 Neuman-Hoffman Codes
Encoded symbols and carrier
Modulate at PRN Code epoch rate
Spreads PRN Code 1 kHz spectral lines to 50 Hz spectral lines (including FEC)
Reduces effect of narrowband interference by 13 dB
Primary purpose of NH Codes
Also allows detection of narrowband interference
Reduces SV cross-correlation most of the time
Provides more robust symbol/bit synchronization

39. 10-ms Neuman-Hoffman Code on I

40. 20-ms Neuman-Hoffman Code on Q

41. Typical Spectral Sidelobes Including 10-Bit Neuman-Hoffman Code
20-Bit Code on Q-Channel reduces spectrum another 3 dB

42. L5 Data Content and Format
5 – Six-Second 300-bit Messages
Format with 24-bit cyclic redundancy code (CRC) (same as WAAS)
Encoded with Rate 1/2 FEC
To make up for 3-dB QPSK reduction
Symbols modulated with 10-bit Neuman-Hoffman Code
Messages scheduled for good performance
Lined up with L1 sub-frame epochs

43. L5 Message Types (of 64 possible)
Message Type 1 - Ephemeris/Clock I
Message Type 2 - Ephemeris/Clock II
Message Type 3 - Ionosphere/UTC
Message Type 4 - Almanac
Message Type 5 - Text Message
Anticipated that Ephemeris/Clock Messages would be repeated every seconds

44. Message Content Mostly, content is same as on L1 Add L5 Health
Clock parameters describe L1-C/A/L5 combined offset rather than L1-P/L2-P combined offset
L1/L5 Group Delay variable for single frequency users
Add L5 Health
Different Text Message
Add PRN number
Peculiar L5 information can be provided by civil community

45. Message Type 1

46. L5 Interference Environment - Primary Concerns
DME/TACAN
Over 1700 U.S. ground beacons
1 MHz channels across MHz
EIRP = 100 W W
3.5 ms pulse width (1/2 voltage)
pulse pairs/s
JTIDS/MIDS
Now 600 terminals (many airborne)
May be 4000 U.S. terminals by 2010
Hops over 51 3 MHz channels from MHz
6.4 ms pulse width
For uncoordinated exercises:
Peak power = 200 W
396,288 pulses/12 s in 200 nmi radius

47. L5 Receiver Requirements
Primary contributors to electromagnetic environment near L5 are pulsed
More selective front-end (compared to L1 avionics) necessary to limit number of pulses desensitizing receiver
“Pulse blanking” a low-cost, low-risk method to minimize effects on receiver performance
Performance standards should not specify design, but will require operation in pulsed environment

48. Example of Worst-Case DME/TACAN Environment in U.S.
Victim aircraft at
40,000 ft
over Harrisburg
Note: Only TACAN/DMEs with frequency assignments from
MHz are shown/analyzed.

49. SNR Degradation at 40,000 ft - All Known U.S. Emitters

50. SNR Degradation at 40,000 ft - All Known U. S
SNR Degradation at 40,000 ft - All Known U.S. Emitters with Reassignment of In-band DME/TACANs

51. Summary of L5 Coexistence with Other Systems
On surface of Earth and at low altitudes, no modifications to existing systems appear necessary
At high altitudes, many emitters are visible
Some changes to existing environment deemed necessary in a few regions of the world
DME/TACAN and JTIDS/MIDS are primary contributors to pulse environment
U.S. intends to solve high altitude problem (in U.S.) by reassigning, as necessary, in-band DME/TACANs

52. L2CS Characteristics Summary
L2 = MHz
Bandwidth = 24 MHz (registered)
Minimum Received Power = -160 dBW
PRN Code Chipping Rate = kHz for each of two codes
Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) Signal
Chip by chip multiplexing of two PRN sequences
Total chip rate: MHz

53. L2CS Definitions L2CS – the L2 Civil Signal
CM – the L2CS moderate length code
10,230 chips, 20 milliseconds
CL – the L2CS long code
767,250 chips, 1.5 second
NAV – the legacy navigation message provided by the L1 C/A signal
CNAV – a navigation message structure like that adopted for L5

54. IIF Signal Generation

55. IIF L2CS Signal Options
The ability to transmit any one of the following three signal structures upon command from the Ground Control Segment:
The C/A code with no data message (A2, B1)
The C/A code with the NAV message (A2, B2)
The chip by chip time multiplexed (TDM) combination of the CM and CL codes with the CNAV message at 25 bits/sec plus FEC bi-phase modulated on the CM code (A1)

56. IIR-M Signal Generation
B1 is a potential software option to be uploaded by the Control Segment

57. L2CS Policy Options Satellites will have switch for L2 – C/A or L2CS
Switch control is a policy decision
In the hands of bureaucrats
Option – When to switch from L2 – C/A to L2CS
Fact 1 – Most current L1/L2 GPS Receivers can use L2 – C/A code
Fact 2 – No current L1/L2 GPS Receivers can use L2CS
Please encourage the bureaucrats to leave C/A on L2 until L2CS is usable (except maybe for occasional tests)
When most satellites can broadcast L2CS

58. L2CS Code Characteristics
Codes are disjoint segments of a long-period maximal code
27-stage linear shift register generator (LSRG) with multiple taps is short-cycled to get desired period
Selected to have perfect balance
A separate LSRG for each of the two codes
Code selection by initializing the LSRG to a fixed state specified for the SV ID and resetting (short-cycling) after a specified count for the code period or at a specified final state
1 cycle of CL & 75 cycles of CM every 1.5 sec

59. Linear shift register generator with 27 stages and 12 taps
L2CS Code Generator
Linear shift register generator with 27 stages and 12 taps

60. Code Tracking
Early minus late (E-L) code tracking loops try to center windows, e.g., narrow correlator windows, on code transitions
For each of the two L2CS codes, there is a transition at every chip
Because the other code is perfectly balanced, the alternate chips average to zero
Twice the transitions, half the amplitude, and double the average noise power (time on) yields –3 dB signal-to-noise in a one-code loop
Both codes can be tracked, but CL-only is OK

61. The CNAV Message The CNAV message data rate is 25 bps
A rate-1/2 forward error correction (FEC), without interleaving, (same as L5) is applied, resulting in 50 symbols per sec
The data message is synchronized to X1 epochs, meaning that the first symbol containing information about the first bit of a message is synchronized to every 8th X1 epoch

62. CNAV Message Content
The CNAV message content is the same as defined for the L5 signal with the following exceptions:
Because of the reduced bit rate, the sub-frame period will be 12 seconds rather than 6 seconds
The time parameter inserted into each data sub- frame will provide the 12-second epoch defined by each sub-frame
Applicable group delay terms for L1, L2, and L5 will be included

63. Performance Benefits Using New Civil Signals

64. Modernization Performance Benefits
Dual and triple frequency ionospheric corrections
New signal acquisition and tracking
Positioning performance after modernization
Benefits of increased constellation size
Issues

65. Ionospheric Delay Estimation
Ionospheric delays are inversely proportional to square of frequency
Having coded access to L2 and L5 will allow civil users to accurately estimate ionospheric delays
This is largest component of stand-alone GPS error budget now that SA has been discontinued
Even L2 and L5 can provide a usable correction (in event L1 is lost)!

66. Dual-Frequency Ionospheric Correction Accuracy4
3.5 3
2.5
RMS Error (m) 2
1.5 1
0.5
L1 C/A - L2 C/A
L1 C/A - L5
L2 C/A - L5
Assumptions: RMS C/A and L2CS code tracking error = 0.3 m,
RMS L5 tracking error = 0.1 m

67. L5 Performance Features
Coherent carrier increases code/carrier tracking loop robustness
No advantage for initial acquisition
Can be an advantage for reacquisition
Higher chipping rate provides superior multipath performance to C/A code
High power and signal design provide robustness against interference

68. L5 Acquisition Performance
L5 has 10 times as many “chips” to be searched for acquisition as C/A code, but
superior L5 cross-correlation properties allows faster searches per dwell.

69. L5 Data-Free Channel Enables Phase Tracking at Lower SNR
Oscillator effects ignored - use for relative comparison only

70. L5 Multipath Performance

71. L2CS Performance Features
Same multipath performance as C/A-code
Data-Free channel (CL code) and low data rate enable low signal-to-noise tracking
Indoor or under-foliage applications
Excellent cross-correlation properties facilitate tracking with large signal level variations from satellite-to-satellite

72. L2CS Low-SNR Performance
23 dB-Hz
22 dB-Hz 50
33.3 & 1/3
21 dB-Hz
24 dB-Hz 75
25 & ½
26 dB-Hz 25
22.5 dB-Hz
33.3 & ½
50 & ½
26.5 dB-Hz
25 & None
29 dB-Hz
50 & None
25.5 dB-Hz
Costas
Phase slip = with total C/No =
WER = with total C/No =
Carrier power percent
Data rate
(bps) &
FEC rate
Selected data rate and forward error correction (FEC) for L2CS
For max acceleration = 29.8 Hz/sec, maximum jerk = 9.6 Hz/sec2, BL = 8 Hz

73. GPS Civil Accuracy w/ and w/o New Signals
Source: Shaw et. al., GNSS-2000.