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Neurology Case Presentation Scott M. Shorten, MD PGY-3
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Right-handed man CC: right facial droop, right arm and leg tingling and weakness
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HPI recurrent drooping of the right face started 1.5 yrs ago without clear precipitant multiple times per day and while asleep, no warning, no trigger Average 30 minutes (5 min-2 hours), with complete recovery between Sometimes associated hand/arm numbness, no other consistent symptoms This episode concerning due to ‘stabbing’ mid-frontal headache with photo/phonophobia, left arm and leg weakness, and lasted over 2 hours. Onset while out in the heat gardening. ROS: fatigue, chest discomfort, neck pain
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PMHx/SurgHx COPD Hyperlipidemia Depression Septic thrombophlebitis, R Cephalic vein Appendectomy Hemorrhoidectomy
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Family History Mother: Bell’s Palsy, Thyroid disease Father: Meniere’s Disease Grandmother: Stroke
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Soc Hx Married, lives locally Diesel mechanic Smokes 1ppd x 30 years No use of EtOH or Recreational Drugs
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Medications Verapamil 60mg TID Carbamazepine 200mg BID Aspirin 325 qD Famotidine 10mg qD Trandolapril 2mg qD Multivitamin Simvastatin 40mg qHS Albuterol PRN Allergy: Minocycline
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VS: 132/80 36.6 p67 r18 GEN: alert, cooperative, pleasant, NAD. CV, Pulm, MSK examinations normal MS: oriented to person/place/time/situation Speech: slight labial dysarthria. Language normal. CN: NLF flattened on the right, decreased pinprick Right V1-3*
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Motor: Tone and bulk normal, 5/5 throughout Sensory: decreased pinprick Right UE & LE Reflexes : Coordination: normal F-N-F and Heel-shin Gait: normal x4, no Romberg 2 2 22 22 1 3 1 ~~ 3
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?
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Workup (occurred over ~1 year) Imaging: – MRI of complete neuro-axis: normal – CTA head and neck: normal – Trans-esophageal Echocardiogram: normal – 4-vessel angiogram normal Prolonged and Video EEG negative for epileptic event, no slowing, no change on trial of Keppra PET: Left lower lobe infiltrate likely pneumonia, no neoplasm
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Lumbar Punctures: RBCsWBCsProtGlu Presentation 9020 (88%L) 6249 2 days later 275015 (51%L) 8059 7 days later 14010 (77%L) 8360 1 month later 12 7060 7 months later 12 5163 13 months later 55033 (94%L) 7660
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No growth of bacteria or fungus Cryptococcal Ab: negative Oligoclonal bands: negative IgG index 0.59 ACE: <4 Cytology: negative x4 Extensive workup with ID: unremarkable Autoimmune/paraneoplastic workup: normal DRVVT + on 3 months after presentation but normal on subsequent 6 months later: “possible transient due to viral infection” EBV studies: +Capsid IgG +Nuclear ag ab +Early ag ab; - Capsid IgM
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Mollaret’s Meningitis v. Pseudomigraine with Temporary Neurologic Symptoms and Lymphocytic Pleocytosis started empiric treatment with Acyclovir IV, then Valacyclovir 1000mg daily x 1 year Increased verapamil for continued possibility of vasospasm
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Mollaret, P. Revue Neurologique. 1944. Shalabi, M. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2006. Mollaret’s Meningitis Described in 1944 >3 episodes of fever and meningismus; weeks to years between Lasting 2-5 days, wide variation Spontaneous resolution ~50% with neurologic features Pierre Mollaret (1898-1987)
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Most commonly due to HSV-2, often with muco- cutaneous lesions found elsewhere Diagnosis confirmed with CSF HSV PCR Valacyclovir prevented genital lesion recurrence in first year, but no change in meningitis frequency Canadian Medical Assn. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/174/12/1710.2/F2.expansion.htmlhttp://www.cmaj.ca/content/174/12/1710.2/F2.expansion.html Ginsberg L. Pract Neurol 2008;8:348-361 Aurelius E. Clinical Infectious Diseases.2012.
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Pseudomigraine with Temporary Neurologic Symptoms and Lymphocytic Pleocytosis = Migrainous Syndrome with CSF Pleocytosis = Syndrome of Transient Headache and Neurologic Deficits with CSF Pleocytosis (HaNDL)
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HaNDL First described in 1981 Self-limited, benign condition Transient neurological deficits - 15 minutes to 2 hours each, over weeks-months Moderate-Severe throbbing headache Lymphocyte predominant pleocytosis – Avg 199 cells (range 10-760), most >90% Lymph; – avg protein 96, elevated in 96% – Glucose normal – Opening pressure elevated in ~50% Bartleson, JD. Neurology. 1981 Gomez-Aranda, F. Brain. 1997
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Usually in 30s-40s (range 7-52 yrs) 25-40% had preceding cough/rhinitis/fatigue/diarrhea No consistent gender predominance
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Neuroimaging is usually normal – Leptomeningeal enhancement – Hypoperfusion on CT perfusion EEG generally shows slowing in the corresponding region Other Studies
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HaNDL Etiology Inflammatory/Infectious? – Few reports; Echovirus, HHV-6. Migrainous? – SPECT imaging with decreased blood flow at sites corresponding to neurologic deficit – spreading cortical depression phenomenon Infectious, triggering cortical depression? Castels-van Daele, M. Lancet. 1981. Emond, H. Cephalalgia. 2009. Caminero, AB. Headache. 1997
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Diagnosis / Tx Must first exclude more sinister causes CSF with >15 cells/mL of lymphocyte predominance Episodes of moderate-severe headache occurring with or shortly following symptoms Episodes recurring within 3 months Symptomatic treatment only, if needed The International Classification of Headache Disorders: Cephalalgia. 2004
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Our Patient frequency of attacks 3-4 per day (from up to 20). Mostly affecting only his right face Usually associated with moderate headache Happy with improvement
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Shalabi M, Whitley RJ. Recurrent benign lymphocytic meningitis. Clinical Infect Dis. 2006;43(9):1194. L Ginsberg, J Kidd. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. Pract Neurol 2008;8:348-361. Aurelius E, Franzen-Röhl E, Glimåker M. Long-term valacyclovir suppressive treatment after herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(9):1304. Bartleson JD, Swanson JW, Whisnant JP. A migrainous syndrome with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Neurology. 1981;31(10):1257. Castels-van Daele M, Standaert L, Boel M, Smeets E, Colaert J, Desmyter J. Basilar migraine and viral meningitis. Lancet. 1981;1(8234):1366. Caminero AB, Pareja JA, Arpa J, Vivancos F, Palomo F, Coya J. Migrainous syndrome with CSF pleocytosis. SPECT findings. Headache. 1997;37(8):511. Gómez-Aranda F, Cañadillas F, Martí-MassóJF. Pseudomigraine with temporary neurological symptoms and lymphocytic pleocytosis. A report of 50 cases. Brain. 1997;120 ( Pt 7):1105.
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