1. A Methodology For Translation Jean-Paul Vinay & Jean Darbelnet
Teti Sumarni

2. Direct & Oblique Translation
Direct Translation
Oblique Translation
Borrowing
Calque
Literal Translation
Transposition
Modulation
Equivalence
Adaptation

3. Borrowing
A word taken directly from another language, e.g., the English word bulldozer
pure borrowing (Rice Cooker)
naturalized borrowing (Computer-komputer)

4. Calque
Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language,
e.g., fin de semaine from the English weekend
interest rate translated into tingkat suku bunga.

5. Literal Translation Terjemahan Harfiah
Literal translation. Word for word translation, e.g., The ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table.
Literal translation translates the meaning of every word in the original language, understood correctly in context, into its nearest English equivalent, and attempts to express the result with ordinary English word order and style, as far as that is possible without distorting the meaning of the original.
The main point is that essentially literal translations attempt to represent the meaning of every word in the original in some way or other in the resulting translation.

6. Shift
Transposition
A shift of word class, i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition e.g.,
Expéditeur and From.
When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e.g., He limped across the street and Il a traversé la rue en boitant.
Modulation
A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories.

7. A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)
Transposition Shift
A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)
bunga-bunga : flowers
banyak rumah : many houses
tiga mobil : three cars
sepasang celana : a pair of trousers

8. A structural change that involves word-position in phrase
rumah - bercat merah - yang besar
big - red - house

9. Splendid ancient electric train
long - dark – hair
rambut - hitam pekat - yang panjang
Splendid ancient electric train
kereta api listrik kuno yang sangat bagus
(Machali, 2000)

10. highly - recommended - system sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan
phrase with adverb
1 – 2 – 3
3 – 1 - 2
highly - recommended - system
sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan

11. A structural change that involves word-position in sentence
Isu tentang HAM sudah kami bahas semenjak lima tahun yang lalu.
We have been discussing the issue of human rights since five years ago
Buku ini harus kamu baca
You must read the book

12. a change in part of speech
noun + noun noun + noun adverb + verb
verb + noun adj + noun verb adj

13. ...is categorically prohibited. …dikategorikan terlarang.
mesin pembunuh
killing machine
bahan kimia chemical material
partai politik political party
...is categorically prohibited.
…dikategorikan terlarang.

14. …… for the pursuit of happiness. …untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.
in sentence
…… for the pursuit of happiness.
…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.

15. from explicit into implicit
(implicit into explicit)
Pria yang berdiri di sana itu adalah paman saya
The man (who is) standing there is my uncle.
implicit
The man standing there is my uncle

16. from clause into particular type of phrase
(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)
bayi yang menangis
crying baby
binatang yang berpikir
thinking animal
burung yang berkicau
singing bird
Jendral yang senantiasa tersenyum
Smiling General

17. from word into phrase or clause
(clause into word)
cozy
suasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab
incommunicado
kondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar
interchangeability
kondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan

18. Modulation Modulasi
Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc., e.g., the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink.
you are going to have a child translated as Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.
I cut my finger translated as Jariku teriris, bukan saya memotong jariku.

19. Modulation specific meaning general meaning rice brother, sister padi
gabah
beras
nasi
kakak
adik
rice
brother, sister

20. paklek : paman : uncle
pakde : paman : uncle
assassinate : membunuh
Murder : membunuh
kill : membunuh
Anggur : grape
anggur : wine
mendengar : listen
mendengar : hear

21. coining a new term for a series of word
train : berlatih
Training : pelatihan
trainer : pelatih
trainee : peserta pelatihan

22. Equivalence
Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase, e.g., the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop.
Vinay and Darbelnet view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording. They also suggest that, if this procedure is applied during the translation process, it can maintain the stylistic impact of the SL text in the TL text.

23. Adaptation Re-writing process of the source text into the target text.
Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i.e., to express the message using a different situation, e.g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for theAmericans.
Re-writing process of the source text into the target text.
Usually applied in translating poetry and drama
Replacing cultural elements of the source language by the cultural equivalence in the target language.
Example: as white as snow seputih kapas, not seputih salju as snow is not familiar in the target language.

24. Thank You