1. Motions in the Heavens

2. Earth rotates on its axis and simultaneously revolves or orbits around the Sun. Which of these two motions is responsible for each of the following:
Sun
Earth
Earth

3. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Is this because the Earth rotates on its axis, or because the earth orbits the sun?

4. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Is this because the Earth rotates on its axis, or because the earth orbits the sun?
The earth rotates on its axis from east to west.

5. Different constellations appear in the summer than in the winter
Is this because the Earth rotates on its axis, or because the earth orbits the sun?

6. Different constellations appear in the summer than in the winter because of the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
+10
+10
Sun
Earth
Earth
−10
−10
Ophiuchus
Orion
FIGURE The night sky changes with the seasons because Earth is continuously changing positions as it orbits the Sun.
Observed region of night sky during one season
Observed region of night sky six months later

7. Orion’s Belt
The ancient Greeks saw this…….and imagined this!

8. At night, stars in the Northern Hemisphere appear to revolve around the North Star
Is this because the Earth rotates on its axis, or because the earth orbits the sun?

9. At night, stars in the Northern Hemisphere appear to revolve around the North Star
Is this because the Earth rotates on its axis, or because the earth orbits the sun?
The stars seem to rotate because the Earth rotates on its axis.

10. Moon revolves around Earth while Earth rotates on its axis
Which of these two motions is responsible for the following?

11. The moon rises in the east and sets in the west, just like the sun.
Is this because the earth rotates on its axis or because the moon orbits around the earth?

12. The moon rises in the east and sets in the west, just like the sun
And like the sun, it is because the earth rotates on its axis.

13. The moon rises approximately 53 minutes later each day.
Is this because the earth rotates on its axis or because the moon orbits around the earth?

14. The moon rises approximately 53 minutes later each day.
The moon rises once a day because the earth rotates on its axis.
Its 53 minutes later each day, because the moon orbits the earth and therefore moved “forward” by a small amount.

15. Why the moon rises later each night
Full moon rises at about sunset.
In 24 hours, the earth makes a complete rotation, but the moon has move ahead on its orbit, so the earth must rotate “a bit extra” for the moon to rise above the horizon. This extra bit is about 53 minutes.

16. The moon passes through monthly phases
The moon passes through monthly phases. Is this because the earth rotates on its axis or because the moon orbits the earth?

17. The moon passes through monthly phases.
The moon passes through monthly phases. Is this because the earth rotates on its axis or because the moon orbits the earth?
The phase of the moon depends where it is in its orbit around the earth.

18. Why are there phases of the moon?
The moon only reflects light from the Sun.
When the moon is at point E (farthest from sun), entire lit face can be seen.
At point A, only dark side points towards Earth.
B-D, F-H, occur in between full moon and new moon.

19. Planets Move independently of stars.
Sometimes appear to move “backwards” relative to other heavenly bodies (“retrograde motion”).
Larger and brighter than most stars.
Don’t twinkle because they are much closer than stars.

20. Aristotle and the Geocentric (Earth-centered) Universe
All heavenly bodies orbited the Earth, including the Sun:
People have no sensation of motion so it must be the sky that moved
People do not fall off the Earth, so it must not be moving (at least not suddenly)
Stars position relative to each other never changes
Modified by Ptolemy to explain retrograde motion of planets.

21. Aristotle’s Geocentric Universe

22. The Renaissance and the Heliocentric Solar System

23. The Beginning: Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish astronomer found Ptolemaic system too complicated
Proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) model that was more simple than Ptolemy’s adaptation of Aristotles’s model
Not censored by the Church at the time, but also not widely circulated.

24. Brahe & Kepler
Brahe ( ) mapped all known objects in the sky, but did not explain their motions.
Kepler ( ) Brahe’s assistant, who believed in the heliocentric theory, proposed the idea of elliptical orbits for planets.

25. Galileo (1564-1642) – the Father of Modern Science
the Scientific Method: the laws of nature must be understood by observation, experimentation, and analysis.
Developed a telescope far better than those of previous astronomers
Used his observations of heavenly motions and analysis of earthly motion to question the geocentric model

26. Galileo – Study of Physics
Law of Inertia – the tendency for an object to resist a change in motion. People living on a planet moving at a constant speed would realize no motion, unless it were suddenly accelerated.

27. Galileo – Study of Milky Way and Moon with telescope contradicts Aristotle’s Ideas
Saw Milky Way was a collection of individual stars, not a cloud of light.
Realized the Moon was not an unblemished body.

28. Therefore it would always appear as a crescent.
FIGURE (A) In Ptolemy’s theory,Venus could never move farther from the Sun than is shown by the dotted lines.
Therefore it would always appear as a crescent.
Fig a, p.567

29. Final Proof for Galileo of the Heliotropic Solar System
Moons of Jupiter orbited Jupiter, not the Sun.
Phases of Venus not possible for in a geocentric configuration.

30. Galileo was persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church for his beliefs

31. Isaac Newton ( )
Why do planets orbit around the Sun, instead of flying off into space?
Newton's work combined the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and others to answer this question by explaining the unversal laws of gravity and motion

32. 22.4 The motions of the Earth and the Moon
By 1700, the heliocentric system was well established
rotation – the Sun and planets spin on their axes
Revolution – the Earth traveling around the sun in its orbit
Precession – the wobble of Earth’s axis

33. Figure The night sky changes with the seasons because the Earth is continuously changing positions it orbits the Sun.
Fig , p.535

34. Figure The Earth’s axis wobbles or precesses like a top, completing one precession cycle every26,000 years.
Fig , p.536

35. The Moon Revolves around Earth in 29.5 days
Rotates on its axis in 29.5 days
New moon – when the moon is dark
Crescent moon – four days later
Gibbous moon – bright moon 10 days after
Full moon – days after the new moon
Waning moon – as it shrinks toward the next new moon

36. Orbital plane of earth and moon
The Moon’s plane of orbit is tilted 5.2o relative to that of the Earth
Thus the Earth’s shadow misses the full moon.
The new moon’s shadow usually misses the Earth.

37. Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
If the Moon passes through the Earth–Sun plane when the three bodies are aligned properly, then an eclipse will occur

38. Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
Solar eclipse – when the Moon passes directly between Sun and Earth
Umbra – the region of shadow exhibiting total eclipse
Penumbra – the edge of shadow showing partial eclipse
Lunar eclipse – When the Earth lies in line between the Moon and the Sun.
Last longer and more common as Earth has a bigger shadow

39. Figure A total solar eclipse is viewed in the narrow band, called the umbra, formed by the projection of the Moon’s shadow on the Earth. The penumbra is the wider band where a partial eclipse is visible. (Drawing is not to scale.)
Fig , p.540

40. Total Solar Eclipse

41. Partial Solar Eclipse

42. Figure 22.23 During a partial solar eclipse, a dark shadow obliterates a portion of the Sun.
Fig , p.540