2. Light By Neil Bronks

3. Light is a form of energy Crooke’s Radiometer proves light has energy Turns in sunlight as the light heats the black side

4. Light travels in straight lines

5. Reflection -Light bouncing off object Incident ray Normal Reflected ray Angle of incidence Angle of reflection Mirror Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

6. Laws of Reflection The angle of incidence,i, is always equal to the angle of reflection, r. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie on the same plane.

7. Virtual Image An image that is formed by the eye Can not appear on a screen dd

9. Real Image Rays really meet Can be formed on a screen F 2F

10. F Principal Axis Pole Concave Mirror Object All ray diagrams in curved mirrors and lens are drawn using the same set of rays.

11. F

12. F You can draw any ray diagram by combining 2 of these rays The only difference is where the object is based.

13. Ray Diagrams- Object outside 2F 1/. Inverted 2/. Smaller 3/. Real F The images can be formed on a screen so they are real. 2F

14. Object at 2F 1/. Inverted 2/. Same Size 3/. Real The image is at 2F F2F

15. Object between 2F and F 1/. Inverted 2/. Magnified 3/. Real The image is outside 2F F 2F

16. Object at F The image is at infinity F 2F

17. Object inside F 1/. Upright 2/. Magnified 3/. Virtual The image is behind the mirror F

18. Convex Mirror 1/. Upright 2/. Smaller 3/. Virtual The image is behind the mirror F

19. Convex Mirror – only one ray diagram The image is behind the mirror F

20. Uses of curved mirrors Concave Mirrors Dentists Mirrors Make –up mirrors Convex Mirror Security Mirrors Rear view mirrors

21. Calculations Use the formula F u v f=focal length u=object distance v=image distance

22. Example An object is placed 20cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=10 and u=20 Using the formula 1020 V=20cm real

23. 20 Magnification What is the magnification in the last question? Well u=20 and v=20 As 2 2 m=1 Image is same size

24. Example An object is placed 20cm from a concave mirror of focal length 30cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=30 and u=20 Using the formula V=60cm Virtual

25. Example An object is placed 30cm from a convex mirror of focal length 20cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=-20 and u=30 Using the formula V=60/5cm =12cm Virtual The minus is Because the Mirror is convex

26. MEASUREMENT OF THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONCAVE MIRROR u v Lamp-box Crosswire Screen Concave mirror

27. Approximate focal length by focusing image of window onto sheet of paper. Place the lamp-box well outside the approximate focal length Move the screen until a clear inverted image of the crosswire is obtained. Measure the distance u from the crosswire to the mirror, using the metre stick. Measure the distance v from the screen to the mirror. Repeat this procedure for different values of u. Calculate f each time and then find an average value. Precautions The largest errors are in measuring with the meter rule and finding the exact position of the sharpest image.

28. Refraction Fisherman use a trident as light is bent at the surface The fisherman sees the fish and tries to spear it

30. Refraction into glass or water Light bends towards the normal due to entering a more dense medium AIR WATER

31. Refraction out of glass or water Light bends away from the normal due to entering a less dense medium

32. Refraction through a glass block Light bends towards the normal due to entering a more dense medium Light bends away from the normal due to entering a less dense medium Light slows down but is not bent, due to entering along the normal

33. Laws of REFRACTION The incident ray, refracted ray and normal all lie on the same plane SNELLS LAW the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for 2 given media. sin i = n (Refractive Index) sin r

34. Proving Snell’s Law i r Sin i Sin r A straight line though the origin proves Snell’s law. The slope is the refractive index.

35. Proving Snell’s Law i r Sin i Sin r A straight line though the origin proves Snell’s law. The slope is the refractive index. Laser Glass Block Protractor

36. H/W LC Ord 2006 Q2

37. Refractive Index Ratio of speeds

38. Real and Apparent Depth A pool appears shallower

40. Cork Pin Mirror Apparent depth Pin Image Water Real depth MEASUREMENT OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A LIQUID

41. Finding No Parallax – Looking Down Pin at bottom Pin reflection in mirror Parallax No Parallax

42. Set up the apparatus as shown. Adjust the height of the pin in the cork above the mirror until there is no parallax between its image in the mirror and the image of the pin in the water. Measure the distance from the pin in the cork to the back of the mirror – this is the apparent depth. Measure the depth of the container – this is the real depth. Calculate the refractive index n= Real/Apparent Repeat using different size containers and get an average value for n.

43. Refraction out of glass or water Light stays in denser medium Reflected like a mirror Angle i = angle r

44. Snell’s Window

45. Finding the Critical Angle… 1) Ray gets refracted 4) Total Internal Reflection 3) Ray still gets refracted (just!) 2) Ray still gets refracted THE CRITICAL ANGLE

46. Semi-Circular Block Expt

47. Mirages

48. Critical Angle Varies according to refractive index

49. Uses of Total Internal Reflection Optical fibres: An optical fibre is a long, thin, transparent rod made of glass or plastic. Light is internally reflected from one end to the other, making it possible to send large chunks of information Optical fibres can be used for communications by sending e-m signals through the cable. The main advantage of this is a reduced signal loss. Also no magnetic interference.

50. Practical Fibre Optics It is important to coat the strand in a material of low n. This increases Total Internal Reflection The light can not leak into the next strand.

51. 1)Endoscopes (a medical device used to see inside the body): 2) Binoculars and periscopes (using “reflecting prisms”)

52. Now is a good time to get out the light demo kit

53. H/W LC Ord 2003 Q7

54. Focal Point Lenses Two types of lenses Converging LensDiverging Lens Focal Length=f

55. 2F F F Optical Centre Ray Diagrams

56. 2F F F

57. F F Converging Lens- Object outside 2F Image is 1/. Real 2/. Inverted 3/. Smaller

58. 2F F F Object at 2F Image is 1/. Real 2/. Inverted 3/. Same size

59. 2F F F Object between 2F and F Image is 1/. Real 2/. Inverted 3/. Magnified

60. F F Object at F Image is at infinity

61. F F Object inside F Image is 1/. Virtual 2/. Erect 3/. Magnified

62. Calculations Use the formulau v f=focal length u=object distance v=image distance 2F F F 2F2F

63. = -120 Example An object is placed 30cm from a converging lens of focal length 40cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=40 and u=30 Using the formula 4030 v 40 - V=120cm virtual

64. 120 30 Magnification What is the magnification in the last question? Well u=30 and v=120 As 4 1 Image is larger

65. u v Lamp-box with crosswire Lens Screen MEASUREMENT OF THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A CONVERGING LENS Show on OPTICAL BENCH

66. 1. Place the lamp-box well outside the approximate focal length 2. Move the screen until a clear inverted image of the crosswire is obtained. 3. Measure the distance u from the crosswire to the lens, using the metre stick. 4. Measure the distance v from the screen to the lens. 5. Calculate the focal length of the lens using 6. Repeat this procedure for different values of u. 7. Calculate f each time and then find the average value.

67. H/W LC Ord 2002 Q3

69. Accommodation The width of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles. For distant objects the lens is stretched. For close up objects the muscles relax.

70. Diverging Lens F F Image is 1/. Virtual 2/. Upright 3/. Smaller

71. Example An object is placed 30cm from a diverging lens of focal length 20cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? Collect info f=-20 and u=30 Using the formula V=60/5cm =12cm Virtual The minus is Because the Diverging lens

72. = -20 Example An object is placed 30cm from a diverging lens of focal length 60cm find the position of the image formed. What is the nature of the image? (Remember f must be negative) Collect info f=-60 and u=30 Using the formula -6030 v -60 - V=20cm virtual

73. 20 30 Magnification What is the magnification in the last question? Well u=30 and v=20 As 2 3 Image is smaller

74. Sign Convention f Positive V either f Positive V either f negative V negative f negative V negative

75. Myopia (Short Sighted) Image is formed in front of the retina. Correct with diverging lens.

76. Hyper-Myopia (Long-Sighted) Image is formed behind the retina. Correct with a converging lens

77. Power of Lens Opticians use power to describe lenses. P= So a focal length of 10cm= 0.1m is written as P=10m -1 A diverging lens with a negative focal length f=-40cm=-0.4m Has a power of P = -2.5m -1

78. Lens in Contact Most camera lens are made up of two lens joined to prevent dispersion of the light. The power of the total lens is P total =P 1 + P 2

79. H/W LC Higher 2002 Q12 (b) LC Higher 2003 Q3