1. CEL 899 Term Paper Report on “A RISK ASSESSSMENT ON HUMAN EXPOSURE TO BISPHENOL A FROM LANDFILL LEACHATE” Under the Guidance of DR. ARUN KUMAR Asstt. Professor IIT Delhi Submitted by Rupali Sarmah (2013CEU2176) Ralceme S (2013CEV2192) Purbashree Sarmah (2014CEV2092) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI

2. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk on human health due to the presence of Bisphenol A in landfill leachate. SCOPE This study includes only residential population, i.e. occupational population was not taken into consideration. Also subpopulations like pregnant women and senior citizen are not taken into consideration. Oral and dermal routes of exposure were considered while inhalation was not considered. Fig 1: Chemical structure of BPA

3. METHODOLOGY BPA is used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. When solid wastes consisting of materials stated above are disposed of at landfill sites, leaching may occur causing Bisphenol A from these wastes to reach ground water and surface water. BPA exposure in adults may cause thyroid hormone problem, blunted immune function, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, altered liver function, obesity, oxidative stress and inflammation, altered sex hormone concentrations and gene expression. The associations between early BPA exposure and altered behaviour and disrupted neurodevelopment in children, as well as increased probability of childhood wheeze and asthma is very strong.

4. Again BPA is assumed to be absorbed by vegetables from soil and concentrations of the same are taken from literature as Minimum conc. = 9 ng/g= 9x10 -3 mg/g Maximum conc. = 48 ng/g= 48x10 -3 mg/g Average conc. = 25 ng/g= 25x10 -3 mg/g,

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Based on this study, maximum concentration of BPA was found to be in vegetables grown near the landfill sites. The highest values of ADD are found to be 0.171 mg/kg/Day in adults and0.206 mg/kg/Day in children. The study shows that both adults and children consuming vegetables are at health risk due to BPA. Based on sensitivity analysis children with body weight less than 28 kg are found to be more vulnerable to BPA exposure. Sensitivity analysis shows that body weight is the variable that has to be considered first. Also the fault tree analysis gives a probability of 0.263%, for human beings being exposed to BisphenolA. Even though this study gives higher risk due to vegetable consumption, the risk due to ground water contamination is also found to be high and cannot be neglected.

7. RISK MANAGEMENT: Regulations should be made for the materials dumped in landfill near residential area and near surface water source. Monitor the working of landfill on a regular basis. Make sure that the liner and the cover is working properly. RISK COMMUNICATION: The people residing near the landfill areas should be informed about the risk and the different pathways through which they may get exposed to the contaminant.

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