1. E.R.G : Measure the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina. Including : The photoreceptors (rods and cones ) Inner retinal cells (bipolar and amacrine cells) ganglion cells.

3. Resistance including : fluid in the extracellular spaces of the retina – vitreous – lens aqueous - cornea

5. ISCEV standard for electroretino graphy 1. Dark - adapted E.R.G ( rod rospone ) 2. Dark – adapted E.R.G ( combind rod – cone response ) 3. Dark - adapted oscillatory potentials 4. Light - adapted E.R.G ( cone response ) 5. Light - adapted flicker ( 30 Hz flicker )

8. 1. Dark adaptation( 20 min) – light adaptation( 10 min) Hard CL 2. Electrodes DTL Foil 3. Stimulation and duration - Rod 0.01 cd/m² = 2.5 log units interval 2 s - Rod – cone 3 cd/m² cone 30 cd/m² interval 10 s 4. Pupillary dilation 5. Pre – exposure to light

10. a - wave b - wave c - wave d - wave

13. Amplitude Implicit Time (μv) (ms) a-wave photopic 20 – 50 14 - 20 scotopic 190 – 300 20 - 26 b-wave photopic 90 – 180 26 - 34 scotopic 400 – 700 40 - 56

14. Evoked by viewing black and white checkeboard or grating function retinal ganglion cell and macula Amplitude 2 – 8 μm Peak time 45 – 60 ms PN ₃₅ - P ₅₀ - N ₉₅ 7.5' v. angle Field PERG parafoval 30' v. angle Glaucoma assessment ( 30 ํ )

20. فیلم 810 2

21. فیلم 16 2

22. 809 فیلم

23. Function of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium in which the change in the electrical potential between the cornea and the ocular fundus is recorded during successive periods of dark and light adaptation E.O.G Arden ratio = LP/DT 165 – 185 % Normal range >185 Dark adaptation 8 – 10 min Light adaptaine 8 – 10 min

25. age > 5 years v. a > 20/200 retard mental

26. An electical signal generated in the occipital region of the cortex in response to visual stimulation Flash V.E.P on set – off set V.E.P Pattern V.E.P Sweep V.E.P reversal Clinical application for the V.E.P - Determination of refractive Error - Visual acuity in infancy cortical blindness

30. فیلم 17 3