2. Photosynthesis: use of chlorophyll. Energy storing process. 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + solar energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Respiration: energy releasing process. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy (ATP) Anaerobic Respiration Ex. Fermentation: energy releasing process used by yeast and bacteria

3. ENERGY IS LOST AT EACH TRANSFER The chemical energy in sugars from sunlight energy trapped by producers is used mainly by the producers themselves for staying alive. A small amount of this energy is available to consumers in the ecosystem. Energy used by producers through the process of cellular respiration and is lost as heat.

4. ENERGY IS LOST AT EACH TRANSFER 1. What is the estimated percentage of radiant energy, captured by producers, that is used for producers own maintenance? Most of the chemical energy taken by a herbivore is used for its own maintenance. Only a small fraction is available for flow on to carnivores. 2. Where does the lost energy go? Because of the loss of energy occurring at each trophic level, there is a limit to the number of transfers through trophic levels in an ecosystem. 3.Explain the rule of thumb for calculating the transfer of chemical energy between trophic levels.

5. Food webs and food chains show the energy transfers or energy flow in an ecosystem by indicating specifically who eats whom. Arrows show the direction of transfer but not the chemical energy at each transfer. Food chains are less complex and often do not show energy flow from dead organisms

6. Food Chains Food chains are a simple food path involving a sequence of organisms, each of which is the food for the next.

7. Food Webs Food webs are multiple food chains that are interconnected. More complex than food chains.

9. ENERGY FLOW 1. Summarise the 3 main conclusions regarding energy lost as heat at each trophic level 2. Explain how humans can exist at different trophic levels.