1. Estimation of TLD dose measurement uncertainties and thresholds at the Radiation Protection Service Du Toit Volschenk SABS

2. Purpose l To give an overview of some of the factors that cause uncertainties in TLD dose measurement l To quickly describe how lower limits of detection and measurement uncertainties can be determined conventionally and to give the results of such measurements at the RPS, in order to give an impression of the status of the RPS TLD system in this regard l To describe a method of computer simulation to estimate uncertainties in reported dose due to the dose algorithm used at the RPS

3. Topics of Discussion l General considerations for uncertainty estimation of a TLD system l Lower limits of detection l Uncertainty budget l Computer simulation to estimate uncertainties due to the dose algorithm used

4. General considerations for uncertainty estimation of a TLD system l Calibrations of dosimetry systems and tests to determine uncertainties are done under laboratory conditions l Dosimeters are used under field conditions, the specifics of which is not often known (e.g. angle of incidence, geometry of irradiation, movement of wearer, position of dosimeter on body) l The method(s) used to determine uncertainties in reported dose must take as many of the unknown factors into consideration as possible l Uncertainties in reported dose differ from radiation type to radiation type as well as for magnitude of given dose

5. Lower limits of detection: Definitions l Detection threshold L C (also known as: decision limit, critical level) –That dose level above which measured doses can be regarded (in this case 95% confidence) as being not of the background population (i.e. definitely a dose) –L c = t n s b t n is the student t factor (one-sided) for n measurements and the required confidence level s b is the standard deviation of the background population

6. Lower limits of detection: Definitions (Continued) l Lower limit of detection L D (also known as detection limit) –The lowest dose that can be detected with a specified level of confidence (in this case 95% confidence) –Does not specify the precision of the minimum dose, only the probability that it will be reported greater as zero –L D = 2(t n s b + t m 2 2s m 2 D b ) / (1 - t m 2 s m 2 ) t n is the student t factor (one sided) for n measurements of the background s n is the standard deviation of the background population t m is the student t factor (one-sided) for m measurements at a dose level significantly higher than the required lower limit of detection s m is the relative standard deviation at the above dose level D b is the average of the background readings

7. Lower limits of detection: Definitions (Continued) l Determination limit L Q –The lowest dose that can be measured with a given precision k is the inverse of the desired maximum relative standard deviation (and therefore related to the precision of the measurement) s m is the relative standard deviation of the measured doses at a level significantly higher than the required lower limit of detection D b is the average of the background readings s b is the standard deviation of the background population Confidence level = 1,96 / k

9. Uncertainty budget: General l The basic question here is “If a dose is reported, what is the 95% confidence interval for that dose?” l The confidence interval for reported dose should be calculated for each type (energy) of radiation, as well as for dose magnitude ranges l An upper (maximum) acceptable limit should be established based on internationally acceptable criteria

10. Uncertainty budget: Criteria Interpretation of ICRP35 and ICRP60 requirements (based on limits of 20 mSv/a and 500 mSv/a for body and skin dose respectively)

11. Uncertainty budget: calculation and results l Examples of random uncertainties: inhomogeneity of detectors, reader sensitivity, reader background, etc. l Examples of systematic uncertainties: energy dependence, directional dependence, non-linearity, fading, light- exposure, calibration errors, etc. l “Rough” results (to be used as an indication only of the system as a whole): –S Deep = 0,21 –S Skin = 0,27

12. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Background l Question: –Why look at uncertainties due to the dose algorithm separately and not do an uncertainty budget study only? l Some of the answers: –The dose algorithm uses the ratios of the four elements of a dosimeter to determine the energy of incident irradiation and then do a conversion to dose. –Small differences in the element values of different dosimeters may lead to different incident irradiation types being identified even though the dosimeters were exposed to the same type and magnitude of dose. –Some parts of the dose algorithm may be prone to causing larger uncertainties than others and they must be identified –In short: to design an accurate algorithm and to verify that existing algorithms are accurate and do minimize errors due to misidentification

13. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Background (continued) l Question: Why a computer simulation? l Answers: –To process many dosimeter readings manually through the dose algorithm will be very time consuming and error prone –Many dosimeters will have to be irradiated to test the various branches of the algorithm with an acceptable degree of accuracy, which will be time consuming and costly –To analytically determine the uncertainties inherent to the algorithm will be difficult because of the many branches in the algorithm and their interdependencies –New and changed algorithms can be tested relatively painlessly by means of a computer simulation and problem areas so identified

15. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Background (continued) l An example of part of an algorithm

16. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Specifics l Purpose: –To estimate the uncertainties in reported dose of the RPS TLD system for doses above the determination limits and for various types of radiation l Method: –Irradiate a small group of dosimeters (16 or less) to a certain dose and type of radiation –Use the element responses of the group and a student t data generator to generate a very large set of test data for input into the dose algorithm (E i = f(t)s + x Mean ) – Generate a frequency distribution of the dose values output of the algorithm –Generate frequency distributions of the radiation types identified by the algorithm –Calculate confidence intervals (indicating the uncertainties) for the deep and skin dose

17. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Results (continued)

18. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Results (Continued)

21. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Results (Final) l The sizes of the 95% confidence intervals calculated from the measured data of the small groups are in some cases unrealistically small l For deep dose the 95% confidence intervals calculated from the simulated data are all smaller than 25% l For skin dose the 95% confidence intervals for photon radiation are all less than 30%, but there is definitely a problem for beta radiation (In part due to mis-identification of the radiation type but primarily because of the high spread in response values of the small groups.)

22. Computer simulation: uncertainties due to dose algorithm - Conclusions l The computer simulation yields results comparable with the “rough” results of the uncertainty budget, although it must be kept in mind that no input data for different angles of incidence were used l The simulation method can be used effectively to test existing dose algorithms, and to design new algorithms and changes to existing algorithms l The simulation method can be used to identify problem areas in a dose algorithm l The uncertainty in reported dose of a TLD system can be estimated relatively painlessly and quickly from small suitable input data sets by effectively treating the TLD system as a “black box” into which data are fed and which delivers calculated doses and their associated confidence intervals l The simulation method can be used without extensive knowledge of and experience with statistical data analysis