1. Eng 101-A
Week 3

2. Agenda Test Assign Essay Assignment 1
Talk about how to write an Outline
Assign Outline
Nouns
Possessive Nouns

3. Test Read all directions carefully
You have until 7:15 to take the test. If you finish early make sure you are back at 7:15.
You are allowed one sheet of notes hand written for the test. Nothing else should be on your area of the table. If there is, I will take your test and you will receive a zero.

4. Essay Assignment 1
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
I cannot comprehend those who emphasize or recognize only what is useful. I am concerned that learning for learning's sake is no longer considered desirable, that everything we do and think must be directed toward the solution of a practical problem. More and more we seem to try to teach how to make a good living and not how to live a good life.
Adapted from Philip D. Jordan
Assignment:
Do people put too much emphasis on learning practical skills? Write a 1-2 page typed essay on why you feel this way.

5. Outlines
An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.

6. Order in an Outline
There are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject.
Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well (time order)
The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples.
You can also reverse the order and go from specific to general.

7. Thesis Statement of Summarizing Sentence
All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.

8. Types of Outlines
The two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline.
In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases.
In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.

9. Rules for Outlining
1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period.
Example: I.
    A.
    B.
        1.
        2.
            a.
            b.
II.
2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.
3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used.
4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.

10. Topic Outline Choices in College and After
Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work.
    I. Two decisions described
A. Art history or chemistry
1. Professional considerations
2. Personal considerations
B. A third year of French?
1. Practical advantages of knowing a  foreign  language
2. Intellectual advantages
3. The issue of necessity
II. Definition of the problem
A. Decisions about occupation
B. Decisions about a kind of life to lead
   III. Temporary resolution of the problem
A. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistry
B. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: French

11. Sentence Outline
Choices in College and After Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work. I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future. A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry. 1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineer professionally. 2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it. B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of French beyond the basic college requirement. 1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel. 2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written in French. 3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of other courses I might take instead? II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future. A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative profession. B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money. III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described. A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry. B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language I have already gained, by electing French.

12. Nouns Learning Objectives Recognize 4 classes of nouns
Make regular and irregular nouns plural
Spell challenging plural nouns ending in y, o, and f.
Form the plurals of proper nouns, surnames, compound nouns, numerals, letters, degrees, and abbreviations
Recognize and use correctly foreign nouns
Make special nouns and single-letter abbreviations plural

13. Noun classes
Nouns name people, places, things, qualities, feelings, concepts, activities, and measures.
Nouns can be grouped into four classes.
Concrete Nouns
Abstract Nouns
Common Nouns
Proper Nouns

14. Concrete Nouns
Name specific objects that you can actually see, hear, feel, taste, or smell.
Examples:
Water
Tangerine
Telephone
Bagel
Stapler
Computers

15. Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns name qualities or concepts. Examples:
Loyalty
Ethics
Freedom
Happiness
Values

16. Common nouns Common nouns name generalized people, places, and things.
Examples:
Candy
Dogs
Professionals
Roller coasters
Boys
Girls

17. Proper nouns Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things.
Examples:
Snickers
Basenjis
Dr. Smith
Millennium Force
Bob
Tina

18. Regular plural nouns Plural nouns name two or more things.
Regular nouns form the plural with the addition of s or es.
Examples.
Office, offices
Manager, managers
Bench, benches
Loss, losses
Fax, faxes
Be careful of words such as quiz which will become quizzes.

19. Irregular nouns - plural
Irregular nouns change form to make the plural.
Examples:
Man, men
Woman, women
Child, children
Mouse, mice
Foot, feet

20. Irregular nouns - plural
Some nouns do not change from their singular to plural
Examples:
deer
Moose
Aircraft
Fish
Pants
Shorts
Eyeglasses
Scissors
Species
Offspring

21. Try your skill Make the following words plural: House Tax Coin Mouse
Business
Wish
Workman
Virus
Quiz

22. Answers Houses Taxes Coins Mice Businesses Wishes Workmen Viruses
Quizzes

23. Challenging noun plurals
Nouns ending in y
When the y is preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), then add s only
Examples:
Attorney, attorneys
Holiday, holidays
Valley, valleys
When y is preceded by a consonant, change the y to an i and add es
Examples
Baby, babies
Company, companies

24. Nouns ending in f or fe
There is no standard rule. You either add an s or change the f to a v and add s or es
Examples:
Cliff, cliffs
Safe, safes
Staff, staffs
Knife, knives
Shelf, shelves
Life, lives

25. Nouns ending in o When the o is preceded by a vowel, add s only
Examples:
Studio, studios
Curio, curios
When o is preceded by a consonant, add an s or es
Auto, autos
Potato, potatoes
Solo, solos
Veto, vetoes

26. Proper names and Surnames
Most proper nouns are made plural by adding s. When the word the appears before the surname, then the name should always be plural:
Kennedy
The Kennedys
Smith
The Smiths

27. Proper names and Surnames
Proper nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh are made plural by adding es
Bush, the Bushes
Doremus, the Doremuses
Gomez, the Gomezes

28. Compound nouns
If a compound noun is written as a single word, make the final element plural.
Bookshelf, bookshelves
Workman, workmen
If the compound noun is hyphenated or written as separate words, make the principal word plural.
Mother-in-law, mothers-in-law
Runner-up, runners-up
Editor in chief, editors in chief

29. Numerals, Alphabet Letters, Isolated Words, and Degrees
The rule is to use only an s unless you need to add clarity (only when using isolated lowercase letters and lower or upper case A,I,M,&U)
Examples:
2000s
Pros and cons
MDs
I’s, i’s, m’s, M’s, t’s, Ts, U’s, u’s

30. Abbreviations Add s to the singular form MBA MBAs Yr. Yrs. Wk. Wks.
No. Nos.

31. Try your skills Make the following words plural: Copy CPA Sunday Knife
2000
p and q
Editor in chief
Attorney general

32. Answers Copies CPAs Sundays Knives 2000s p’s and q’s Editors in chief
Attorneys general

33. Foreign nouns
Alumnus Alumni Analysis analyses Basis bases Criterion criteria Millennium millennia Datum data Formula formulae Stimulus stimuli Syllabus syllabi

34. Special nouns
Some nouns are ONLY singular or ONLY plural in meaning.

35. Only singular Billiards Economics Genetics Kudos Mathematics Measles
Mumps
News

36. Only plural Clothes Goods Pliers Scissors Statistics Tongs Thanks
Trousers
Pants

37. Possessive Nouns Apostrophes are used to show the following:
Ownerships
Origin
Authorship
measurments

38. Ownership
Kim’s book
Martha’s camera
Bob’s computer
Richard’s truck

39. Origin
Dr. Moss’s prescription

40. Authorship Hemingway’s book M. Knite Shamalon’s movie
Steve Barry’s article

41. Measurement
Ten years’ experience

42. How do you know where to place apostrophes?
Follow the five steps
Look for possessive construction. Usually two nouns appear together:
Have you seen Kim’s book?
Reverse the nouns. Use the second noun to begin a preposition phrase.
Book of Kim
Examine the ownership word. Does it end in an s sound?

43. If the ownership word does NOT end in an s sound, then add an apostrophe and s to the word:
Boy boy’s
Girl girl’s
Tim Tim’s
Children children’s
Feet feet’s
If the ownership word DOES end in an s sound, usually add an apostrophe only:
Years years’
Employees employees’
With names ending in s either is acceptable:
Chris can be Chris’s or Chris’

44. Compound nouns The final element of the compound shows the possessive:
Father-in-law’s signature
Editor in chief’s suggestions

45. Incomplete possessives
When the second noun is unstated but is understood, the possessive is incomplete. Use an apostrophe to show possession even though the second noun is only implied.
The party is at Francisco’s.
Darren’s exam is earlier than Craig’s.

46. Separate or Combined Ownership
When two nouns express separate ownership, make both nouns possessive.
Bob’s and Samantha’s cameras
When two nouns express combined ownership, make only the second noun possessive.
Tina and Rick’s restaurant
What tells us if it is combined or separate ownership?

47. Abbreviations
Make abbreviations possessive by following the same guidelines as for other nouns.
CPA’s convention
Levi Strauss & Co.’s jeans

48. Awkward Possessives
Reword awkward expressions by using prepositional phrases:
My friend’s father’s business
The business of my friend’s father
Mr. Saltzman, my attorney’s, advice
The advice of my attorney, Mr. Saltzman

49. Try your skills
Change the following prepositional phrases into apostrophe constructions:
Testimony of the witness
Books of the students
Contracts of both companies
Role of the actress
Roles of the actresses

50. Answers Witness’s testimony Students’ books Companies’ contracts
Actress’s role
Actresses’ roles

51. Which is correct
The butler stood by the door and called the guest’s names as they arrived.
The butler stood by the door and called the guests names as they arrived.
The butler stood by the door and called the guests’ names as they arrived.

52. Try your skills
Change the following prepositional phrases into apostrophe constructions.
The car of Mrs. Metz
The car of the Metzes
The car of Russ
The car of the Harrises

53. Answers Mrs. Metz’s car or Mrs. Metz’ car The Metzes’ car
Russ’s car or Russ’ car
The Harrises’ car

54. Homework
Due next week
Outline for your final paper (does not need to be your final outline, but I want to see that you are starting on it and have an idea of what you are going to be doing). MUST BE TYPED!
Page 57 Exercise B
Page 58 Exercise B
Page 60 Exercise B
Page 73 Exercise B
Page 74 Exercise C
Page 75 Exercise B
Page 77 exercise C

55. Essay Assignment 1 This assignment is due Dec. 16
This assignment must be typed
Keep in mind this is a graded assignment.
You will be graded on your grammar and how well you develop your thoughts.