1. AP C - UNIT 9 Magnetic Fields and Forces

2. Magnetic Materials All magnetic materials have two poles
Labeled: North and South poles
Like poles repel each other and opposite poles attract.

3. Magnetic Monopoles Unlike electrostatics,
magnetic monopoles have never been detected.

4. Modern View of Magnetism
Magnetism is associated with charges in motion (currents):
microscopic currents in the atoms of magnetic materials.
macroscopic currents in the windings of an electromagnet.

5. Magnetic Field
Similar to E-field, but where attraction and repulsion is occurring due to magnetism, either magnets or moving charges.

6. Magnetic Field Lines

7. The Earth’s Magnetic Field
The spinning iron core of the earth produces a magnetic field.

8. Magnetic Fields
Magnetic field is a vector. It has direction and can be cancelled by another field.

9. Magnetic Field Units The SI unit of magnetic field is the Tesla (T).
Dimensional analysis:
1 T = 1 N·s/(C·m) = 1 V·s /m2
Sometimes we use a unit called a Gauss (G):
1 T = 104 G
The earth’s magnetic field is about 0.5 G.

10. Magnetic Force on Moving Charges
A charged particle in a static magnetic field will experience a magnetic force only if the particle is moving.
If a charge q with velocity v moves in a magnetic field B and v makes an angle q w.r.t. B, then the magnitude of the force on the charge is:

11. Finding the Direction of Magnetic Force
The direction of the magnetic force is always perpendicular to both and
Fmax occurs when is perpendicular to
F = 0 when is parallel to

12. Notation To represent the z-axis on an xy plane of paper. • 
B out of the page 
B into the page

13. Right Hand Rule
Draw vectors v and B with their tails at the location of the charge q.
Point fingers of right hand along velocity vector v.
Curl fingers towards Magnetic field vector B.
Thumb points in direction of magnetic force F on q, perpendicular to both v and B.

14. Use RHR to find F on moving charged particle for each situation a through f

15. Motion of Charges in B Fields
If a charged particle is moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field, its trajectory will be a circle because the force F=qvB is always perpendicular to the motion, and therefore centripetal.

16. If path of charge is not perpendicular to field where it enters field at some angle, charge will follow a spiral path (helix) which will spiral around the B-field.
The component of velocity that is parallel to the magnetic field is unaffected. Its circlular motion will drift at a constant speed along the magnetic field
The perp component of the velocity to B-field causes the particle to executes uniform circular motion perpendicular to the magnetic field.

17. Velocity Selector
A particle is accelerated through a potential difference where it then enters a magnetic and electric field. If the forces are balanced, the particle will move only horizontally between the plates (assuming negligible gravity)

18. Mass Spectrometer
The mass spectrometer utilizes the velocity selector and is an instrument which can measure the masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. The radius of turn yields the mass of the particles.

19. An ion is accelerated through a voltage of 1000V with a charge of 1
An ion is accelerated through a voltage of 1000V with a charge of 1.6x10-19C after which it enters a chamber with a uniform B-field equal to 80mT. The ion follows a semi-circle path and strikes a photographic plate 1.62m from where it entered. Find its mass.

20. Hall Effect
If an electric current flows through a conductor in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a force on the moving charge carriers which tends to push them to one side of the conductor. A buildup of charge at the sides of the conductor will balance this magnetic influence w/ E-field, producing a measurable voltage between the two sides of the conductor. The charge carries will then just pass through in a straight line.

21. Force on a Wire
Similar to the force on a moving charge in a B field, we have for a conductor of length L carrying a conventional current of I in a B field. The force experienced by the conductor is:

22. A thin, massless, uniform rod with length 0
A thin, massless, uniform rod with length 0.20m is attached to a frictionless hinge at point ‘P’. A horizontal spring (k = 4.8 N/m) connects the other end of the rod to a vertical wall. A uniform B-field equal to 0.34T is shown and a 6.5A current exists in the rod directed towards the hinge. How much energy is stored in the spring? B I
53.1o
‘P’ FS FM

23. Torque on a current loop
A wire loop is freely pivoting in a uniform B-field (+x) as shown. Each side is length ‘a’. B a

24. Electric Motor
An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
The mechanical energy is in the form of rotational kinetic energy
When area vector of loop is parallel to field there is no torque
After the loop moves a ½ turn, the current needs to switch direction to keep it rotating. Inertia will carry it past the edge (top of rotation) and at that moment if the current is switched, the loop keeps going. If the current isn’t switched and it passes the edge, it will rotate the other way and get nowhere

25. Biot Savart Law
This law is seen as the magnetic equivalent of Coulomb's Law (brute force way of doing it vs Gauss) . This finds B at a point P, a distance r from the differential element of current Ids.
m0 = 4p  10-7 Tm/A, magnetic permeability of free space
Current makes B-fields

26. Biot-Savart Law – Set-Up
The magnetic field is at some point P
The length element is
The wire is carrying a steady current of I
is the field created by the current
in the length segment ds
To find the total field, sum up the
contributions from all the current
elements I
The integral is over the entire
current distribution

27. B-Field due to a long straight wire along y-axis

28. Example b P I a
Consider wire bent into the shape shown above. Find B at ‘P’ if current is flowing clockwise in wire.

29. Magnetic Field from a Wire, RHR #3
The magnetic field lines from a current form circles around a straight wire with the direction given by another right hand rule.
The magnitude of the magnetic field a distance r from a straight wire is given by (just proven with rigorous proof)

30. Force between 2 current-carrying wires
What happens when current as shown in 2 parallel wires? I1 a I2

31. Force between two parallel wires

32. Find BNET at point P P
45o d R
I2 = I1 I1 I2
45o

33. Loop of Current
Consider a coil of radius R with current flowing CW. Find B at center of coil. X

34. A loop of Current is RHR #4
Fingers are current direction and thumb is magnetic north pole

35. What is the direction of the net force on the loop?
A current I flows in the positive y direction in an infinite wire; a current I also flows in the loop as shown in the diagram. I d
What is the direction of the net force on the loop?
(a) F = -x
(b) F = 0
(c) F = +x
(d) F = +y
(e) F = -y

36. B-field due to a current loop a distance ‘x’ awayds
frontal view of loop of current

37. Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law is to magnetic fields as Gauss’ Law was to electric fields. Both are used for high symmetry problems.
Similar to drawing a Gaussian surface

38. NOW apply Ampere’s Law to find B surrounding long straight current carrying wire (already did this using Biot Savart)
Consider long wire with current I into page. r

39. Magnetic field inside a wire
Find B inside the wire with uniform current a distance r from the center where r < R

40. Solenoid is a series of loops of current
Solenoid is a series of loops of current. One end acts like a N & the other like a S-pole. Ideal solenoid is approached when turns are closely spaced and length is much greater than radius of turns.
B-field of a solenoid
Current would flow from left to right across top of solenoid

41. Derivation of B inside solenoid
Cross sectional view of solenoid showing current into page on top, out of page on bottom

42. Derivation of B inside solenoid3 4 2 1

43. Toroid - Solenoid shaped like a doughnut

44. a) Bx(a) < 0 b) Bx(a) = 0 c) Bx(a) > 0 (a) Bx(b) < 0
A current I flows in an infinite straight wire in the +z direction as shown. A concentric infinite cylinder of radius R carries current 2I in the -z direction. x 2I I a b y
a) What is the magnetic field Bx at point ‘a’, just outside the cylinder as shown? Take CW as positive for B.
a) Bx(a) < 0
b) Bx(a) = 0
c) Bx(a) > 0
b) What is the magnetic field Bx at point ‘b’, just inside the cylinder as shown?
(a) Bx(b) < 0
b) Bx(b) = 0
c) Bx(b) > 0

45. I I a) BL(6a)< BR(6a) b) BL(6a)= BR(6a) c) BL(6a)> BR(6a)
Two cylindrical conductors each carry current I into the page as shown. The conductor on the left is solid and has radius R=3a. The conductor on the right has a hole in the middle and carries current only between R=a and R=3a.
What is the relation between the magnetic field at R = 6a for the two cases (L=left, R=right)? 3a a 3a I I
a) BL(6a)< BR(6a)
b) BL(6a)= BR(6a)
c) BL(6a)> BR(6a)

46. I I a) BL(2a)< BR(2a) b) BL(2a)= BR(2a) c) BL(2a)> BR(2a)
Two cylindrical conductors each carry current I into the page as shown. The conductor on the left is solid and has radius R=3a. The conductor on the right has a hole in the middle and carries current only between R=a and R=3a.
What is the relation between the magnetic field at R = 2a for the two cases (L=left, R=right)? 3a a 3a I I
a) BL(2a)< BR(2a)
b) BL(2a)= BR(2a)
c) BL(2a)> BR(2a)

47. Consider a thin, infinitely large sheet of current that carries a linear current density, λ. The current is out of the page. Find B near the sheet.
Recall a similar problem with infinitely charged sheet of charge density, σ.