1. Chapter 2: Force Forces Newton’s First and Third Laws Vector Addition
Gravity
Contact Forces
Tension
Fundamental Forces

2. §2.1 Forces
Isaac Newton was the first to discover that the laws that govern motions on the Earth also applied to celestial bodies.
Over the next few chapters we will study how bodies interact with one another.

3. Simply, a force is a “push” or “pull” on an object.

4. How can a force be measured? One way is with a spring scale.
By hanging masses on a spring we find that the spring stretchapplied force.
The units of force are Newtons (N).

5. Vectors versus scalars:
A vector is a quantity that has both a magnitude and a direction. A force is an example of a vector quantity.
A scalar is just a number (no direction). The mass of an object is an example of a scalar quantity.

6. Notation:
Vector:
The magnitude of a vector:
The direction of vector might be “35 south of east”; “20 above the +x-axis”; or….
Scalar: m (not bold face; no arrow)

7. §2.2 Net Force
The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on a body.

8. To graphically represent a vector, draw a directed line segment.
The length of the line can be used to represent the vector’s length or magnitude.

9. To add vectors graphically they must be placed “tip to tail”
To add vectors graphically they must be placed “tip to tail”. The result (F1 + F2) points from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second vector. F1 F2
Fnet
For collinear vectors: F1 F2
Fnet

10. §2.3 Newton’s First Law Newton’s 1st Law (The Law of Inertia):
If no force acts on an object, then its speed and direction of motion do not change.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 4, 5, and 6.
Inertia is a measure of an object’s resistance to changes in its motion.

11. If the object is at rest, it remains at rest (speed = 0).
If the object is in motion, it continues to move in a straight line with the same speed.
No force is required to keep a body in straight line motion when effects such as friction are negligible.

12. An object is in translational equilibrium if the net force on it is zero.

13. Free Body Diagrams:
Must be drawn for problems when forces are involved.
Must be large so that they are readable.
Draw an idealization of the body in question (a dot, a box,…). You will need one free body diagram for each body in the problem that will provide useful information for you to solve the given problem.
Indicate only the forces acting on the body. Label the forces appropriately. Do not include the forces that this body exerts on any other body.

14. Free Body Diagrams (continued):
A coordinate system is a must.
Do not include fictitious forces. Remember that ma is itself not a force!
You may indicate the direction of the body’s acceleration or direction of motion if you wish, but it must be done well off to the side of the free body diagram.

15. §2.4 Vector Addition
Vector Addition: Place the vectors tip to tail as before. A vector may be moved any way you please provided that you do not change its length nor rotate it. The resultant points from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the second (A+B).
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14. Additional clicker question on slide 42.

16. Example: Vector A has a length of 5
Example: Vector A has a length of 5.00 meters and points along the x-axis. Vector B has a length of 3.00 meters and points 120 from the +x-axis. Compute A+B (=C). y B
120 C A x

17. and Ax = 5.00 m and Ay = 0.00 m Example continued: B 120 A y x By 60Bx
and Ax = 5.00 m and Ay = 0.00 m

18. The components of C: The length of C is: The direction of C is:
Example continued:
The components of C: x y C
Cx = 3.50 m
Cy = 2.60 m 
The length of C is:
The direction of C is:
From the +x-axis

19. §2.5 Newton’s Third Law Newton’s 3rd Law:
When 2 bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Or, forces come in pairs.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 1, 2, 3, and 15.
Mathematically:

20. Example: Consider a box resting on a table.F1
(a) If F1 is the force of the Earth on the box, what is the interaction partner of this force?
The force of the box on the Earth.

21. The force of the table on the box.
Example continued: F2
(b) If F2 is the force of the box on the table, what is the interaction partner of this force?
The force of the table on the box.

22. External forces:
Any force on a system from a body outside of the system. F
Pulling a box across the floor

23. Internal forces:
Force between bodies of a system.
Fext
Pulling 2 boxes across the floor where the two boxes are attached to each other by a rope.

24. §2.6 Gravity
Gravity is the force between two masses. Gravity is a long-range or field force. No contact is needed between the bodies. The force of gravity is always attractive!
r is the distance between the two masses M1 and M2 and G = 6.6710-11 Nm2/kg2.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 13. Additional clicker question on slide 43. M2 r M1
F12
F21

25. Let M1 = mass of the Earth.
Here F = the force the Earth exerts on mass M2. This is the force known as weight, w.
Near the surface of the Earth

26. is the gravitational force per unit mass
is the gravitational force per unit mass. This is called the gravitational field strength. It is often referred to as the acceleration due to gravity.
Note that
What is the direction of g?
What is the direction of w?

27. Example: What is the weight of a 100 kg astronaut on the surface of the Earth (force of the Earth on the astronaut)? How about in low Earth orbit? This is an orbit about 300 km above the surface of the Earth.
On Earth:
In low Earth orbit:
Their weight is reduced by about 10%. The astronaut is NOT weightless!

28. §2.7 Contact Forces
Contact forces: these forces arise because of an interaction between the atoms in the surfaces in contact.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 17, 18, 19 and 20.

29. Normal force: this force acts in the direction perpendicular to the contact surface.
Force of the ground on the box N w
Force of the ramp on the box N w

30. Example: Consider a box on a table.w x y
FBD for box
Apply Newton’s 2nd law
The point of this example is to show that just because two forces have the same magnitude and point in opposite directions does not make them Newton’s third law force pairs.
This just says the magnitude of the normal force equals the magnitude of the weight; they are not Newton’s third law interaction partners.

31. Friction: a contact force parallel to the contact surfaces.
Static friction acts to prevent objects from sliding.
Kinetic friction acts to make sliding objects slow down.

32. Static Friction:
The force of static friction is modeled as
where s is the coefficient of static friction and N is the normal force.

33. Kinetic Friction:
The force of kinetic friction is modeled as
where k is the coefficient of kinetic friction and N is the normal force.

34. Example (text problem 2.91): A box full of books rests on a wooden floor. The normal force the floor exerts on the box is 250 N.
(a) You push horizontally on the box with a force of 120 N, but it refuses to budge. What can you say about the coefficient of friction between the box and the floor? N w x y F fs
FBD for box
Apply Newton’s 2nd Law

35. Example continued:
From (2):
This is the minimum value of s, so s > 0.48.
(b) If you must push horizontally on the box with 150 N force to start it sliding, what is the coefficient of static friction?
Again from (2):

36. Example continued:
(c) Once the box is sliding, you only have to push with a force of 120 N to keep it sliding. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction? N w x y F fk
FBD for box
Apply Newton’s 2nd Law
From 2:

37. §2.8 Tension
This is the force transmitted through a “rope” from one end to the other.
An ideal cord has zero mass, does not stretch, and the tension is the same throughout the cord.
Could incorporate personal response system questions from the College Physics by G/R/R 2E ARIS site ( Instructor Resources: CPS by eInstruction, Chapter 2, Questions 16. Here “rope” can mean a cable, chain, cord, etc.

38. Example (text problem 2.73): A pulley is hung from the ceiling by a rope. A block of mass M is suspended by another rope that passes over the pulley and is attached to the wall. The rope fastened to the wall makes a right angle with the wall. Neglect the masses of the rope and the pulley. Find the tension in the rope from which the pulley hangs and the angle . w T x y
FDB for the mass M
I do not include them here, but it is very useful to have your students draw additional free body diagrams: one for the rope connected to the wall and another for the rope that connects the pulley to the ceiling.
Apply Newton’s 2nd Law to the mass M.

39. This statement is true only when  = 45 and
Example continued:
FBD for the pulley:
Apply Newton’s 2nd Law: x y T F 
This statement is true only when  = 45 and
F represents the force of the support on the rope, it can be identified as the tension in the rope that connects the pulley to the ceiling.

40. §2.9 Fundamental Forces The four fundamental forces of nature are:
Gravity which is the force between two masses; it is the weakest of the four.
Strong Force which helps to bind atomic nuclei together; it is the strongest of the four.
Weak Force plays a role in some nuclear reactions.
Electromagnetic is the force that acts between charged particles.

41. Summary Newton’s First and Third Law’s Free Body Diagrams
Adding Vectors
Contact Forces Versus Long-Range Forces
Different Forces (friction, gravity, normal, tension)

42. What is the net force acting on the object shown below?x y
15 N
10 N
40 N
0 N
10 N down
10 N up
Additional clicker question for section 4. The correct answer is c.

43. The gravitational field strength of the Moon is about 1/6 that of Earth. If the mass and weight of an astronaut, as measured on Earth, are m and w respectively, what will they be on the Moon?
Additional clicker question for section 6. The correct answer is c.