1. Ballistic Cart Demo Discuss law of cosines for planeinwindb problem Other HW problems?

2. Chapter 4 Forces and Mass

3. Classical Mechanics does not apply for very tiny objects (< atomic sizes) objects moving near the speed of light

4. Newton’s First Law If the net force  F exerted on an object is zero the object continues in its original state of motion. That is, if  F = 0, an object at rest remains at rest and an object moving with some velocity continues with the same velocity. Contrast with Aristotle!

5. Forces Usually a push or pull Vector Either contact or field force

6. Contact and Field Forces

7. Fundamental (Field) Forces Types Strong nuclear force Electromagnetic force Weak nuclear force Gravity

8. Strong Nuclear Force QCD (Quantum chromodynamics) confines quarks by exchaning gluons Nuclear force: binds protons and neutrons by exchanging pions

9. Electromagnetic Forces Opposites attract, like-signs repel Electric forces bind electrons in atoms Magnetic forces arise from moving charges

10. Weak Nuclear Force Involves exchange of heavy W or Z particle Responsible for decay of neutrons

11. Gravity Attractive force between any two bodies Proportional to both masses Inversely proportional to square of distance

12. Inertia (Newton’s First Law) Tendency of an object to continue in its original motion

13. Mass A measure of the resistance of an object to changes in its motion due to a force Scalar SI units are kg

14. Newton’s Second Law Acceleration is proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass.

15. Units of Force SI unit is Newton (N) US Customary unit is pound (lb) 1 N = 0.225 lb

16. Weight Weight is magnitude of gravitational force weight mass

17. Weight vs. Mass Mass is an inherent property Weight depends on location

18. Newton’s Third Law Single isolated force cannot exist For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Force on “1” due to “2”

19. Newton’s Third Law cont. F 12 is action force F 21 is reaction force You can switch action reaction Action & reaction forces act on different objects

20. Action-Reaction Pairs

21. Define the OBJECT (free body) Newton’s Law uses the forces acting ON object n and F g act on object n’ and F g ’ act on other objects

22. Assumptions for F=ma Objects behave as particles ignore rotational motion (for now) Consider only forces acting ON object neglect reaction forces

23. Problem Solving Strategy Identify object (free body) Label all forces acting on object Resolve forces into x- and y-components, using convenient coordinate system Apply equations, keep track of signs!

24. Mechanical Forces Strings, ropes and Pulleys Gravity Normal forces Friction Springs (later in the book)

25. Some Rules for Ropes and Pulleys Force from rope points AWAY from object Magnitude of the force is called tension Tension does not change when going over a pulley (if frictionless)

26. Equilibrium

27. Cable Pull Demo

28. Example 4.1 Given that M light = 25 kg, find all three tensions T 3 = 245.3 N, T 1 = 147.4 N, T 2 = 195.7 N

29. Example 4.2 2) Which statements are correct? Assume the objects are static. A) T 1 must = T 2 B) T 2 must = T 3 C) T 1 must be < Mg D) T 1 +T 2 must be > Mg cos(10 o )=0.985 sin(10 o )=0.173 A) T B) T C) T D) T

30. Example 4.3 a) Find acceleration b) Find T, the tension above the bowling ball c) Find T 3, the tension in the rope between the pails d) Find force ceiling must exert on pulley a) a = g/6 = 1.635 m/s 2 b) T = 57.2 N c) T 3 =24.5 N d) F pulley =2T = 114.5 N

31. Inclined Planes Choose x along the incline and y perpendicular to incline Replace force of gravity with its components

32. Example 4.4 Find the acceleration and the tension a = 4.43 m/s 2, T= 53.7 N

33. Example 4.5 Find M such that the box slides at constant v M=15.6 kg M

34. Forces of Friction Resistive force between object and neighbors or the medium Examples: Sliding a box Air resistance Rolling resistance

35. Sliding Friction Direction parallel to surface, opposite to other forces Nearly independent of the area of contact The coefficient of friction (µ) depends on the surfaces in contact

36. Coefficients of Friction

37. Static Friction, ƒ s  s is coefficient of static friction n is the normal force f F

38. Kinetic Friction, ƒ k  k is coefficient of kinetic friction Friction force opposes F n is the normal force F f

39. Friction Demo

40. Example 4.6 The man pushes/pulls with a force of 200 N. The child and sled combo has a mass of 30 kg and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15. For each case: What is the frictional force opposing his efforts? What is the acceleration of the child? f=59 N, a=3.80 m/s 2 / f=29.1 N, a=4.8 m/s 2

41. Example 4.7 Given m 1 = 10 kg and m 2 = 5 kg: a) What value of  s would stop the block from sliding? b) If the box is sliding and  k = 0.2, what is the acceleration? c) What is the tension of the rope? a)  s = 0.5 b) a=1.96 m/s 2 c) 39.25 N

42. Example 4.8 What is the minimum  s required to prevent a sled from slipping down a hill of slope 30 degrees?  s = 0.577

43. Other kinds of friction  Air resistance, F ~ Area  v 2  Rolling resistance, F ~ v Terminal velocity:

44. Coffee Filter Demo

45. Accelerating Reference Frames Equivalent to “Fictitious” gravitational force

46. Fictitious Force: Derivation Eq. of motion in fixed frame F-ma f looks like force in new frame, ma f acts like fake gravitational force!

47. Example 4.9 An elevator falls with acceleration a = 8.0 m/s 2. If a 200-lb person stood on a bathroom scale during the fall, what would the scale read? 36.9 lbs

48. Example 4.10 You are calibrating an accelerometer so that you can measure the steady horizontal acceleration of a car by measuring the angle a ball swings backwards. If M = 2.5 kg and the acceleration, a = 3.0 m/s 2 : a) At what angle does the ball swing backwards? b) What is the tension in the string?  =  17 deg T= 25.6 N 