1. Interactive View-Driven Evenly Spaced Streamline Placement Zhanping Liu Robert J. Moorhead II Visualization Analysis and Imaging Lab High Performance Computing Collaboratory Mississippi State University IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008

2. Outline  Results  Conclusions  Introduction  IVDESS  IVDESS Pipeline — physical-space streamline integration — view-space streamline density control  Temporally-Coherent Seeding Strategy (TCSS) vs. Temporally-Incoherent Seeding Strategy (TISS)  View-Sensitive Streamline Representation IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008

3. Introduction IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 Texture-based (e.g., LIC) — powerful in visualizing 2D flows  Evenly Spaced Streamlines (ESS)  There have been many flow visualization methods Geometry-based (e.g., arrow plots)

4. Introduction  Evenly Spaced Streamlines (ESS) IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Texture-based techniques may be ineffective for 2.5D/3D flows due to view occlusion, depth ambiguity, direction vagueness, & aliasing artifacts  Streamlines remain one of the most important 3D approaches for the straightforward direction cueing and the low computational expense

5. Introduction  Evenly Spaced Streamlines (ESS) IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Without an effective placement strategy, streamlines tend to result in an incomplete coarse view or a global but cluttered image A heavily cluttered image may still miss an important flow feature (saddle here )

6. Introduction  Evenly Spaced Streamlines (ESS) IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  A layout of evenly spaced streamlines may provide an aesthetic & informative pattern to facilitate mental reconstruction of the flow here the saddle is clearly shown

7. Introduction  Evenly Spaced Streamlines (ESS)  To apply ESS to 3D exploration of volume flows, surface flows, & planar flows in a perspective-view setting, we need to address the foreshortening effect to obtain a visually uniform streamline placement — streamlines evenly spaced in 3D physical space (the flow field) may not visually retain the uniformity when projected to 2D view space (the output image) IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 the inter-frame transition to enable a temporally coherent flow exploration the practical applicability to provide an interactive grid-friendly solution O. Mattausch, T. Theubl, H. Hauser, and E. Groller Uniform in physical space but non-uniform in view space Streamlines that are evenly spaced in a 2D flow field are visually non-uniform in a perspective-view setting

8. Introduction  Existing ESS Algorithms  Image-guided methods  Sample-based methods Take a streamline placement as a binary-valued image Low-pass filter each intermediate placement and then compare it against a reference gray-scale image to guide iterative refinement toward an optimal Use inter-sample distance control to approximate inter-line distance control Distance checking is performed on each newly generated sample against other existing samples to determine if the distance is less than a threshold d IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008

9. Introduction IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  ESS for Surface & Volume Flows  Physical-space ESS placement strategy multi-density representation — Mattausch et al [03] surface flows — Mao et al [98] volume flows — Ye et al [05]  View-space ESS placement strategy surface & volume flows — Li-Shen [07] Streamlines are indeed not evenly spaced in the output image

10. Introduction IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  IVDESS (Interactive View-Driven ESS)  built on ADVESS ( ADVanced ESS, Liu & Moorhead[06]) a 2D engine for sample-based streamline placement supports fast high-quality ESS placement with robust loop detection  for ESS -based 3D ( through perspective projection ) exploration of a planar flow a surface flow  essentially different from previous work in placing streamlines that are indeed evenly spaced in the output image providing a solution for coherent exploration of flows delivering high performance on a low-end PC

11. IVDESS IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Basic Idea the non-uniform streamline placement of a planar flow in 3D physical space the resulting visually uniform layout in 2D view space (the output image) surface rendering depth acquisition streamline integration in physical space streamline-density control in view space whether a streamline is further advected or immediately terminated in physical space is governed by the status (accepted/rejected) of the newly generated point the projection of each streamline point and the associated view-space samples undergo inter-sample distance control to achieve inter-line distance control accept or reject point do point projection

12. IVDESS  The Pipeline IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Dividing ADVESS Components into Two Spaces physical-space seeding is used to establish inter-frame coherence view-space seeding is used to create a separate frame of view-dependent evenly spaced streamlines each line segment is uniformly sampled in view space by thres. d inter-line distance control & intra-line distance control are both achieved using inter-sample distance control

13. IVDESS  The Pipeline IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  TISS ( T emporally I ncoherent S eeding S trategy ) — for separate frames  a view-space seeding scheme sort and insert Candidates introduced by the seed sample of a streamline are saved & sorted by the view-space streamline length in primary queue — a sorting queue Candidates introduced by each regular ( non-seed ) sample of a streamline are simply appended to the tail of secondary queue — a FIFO queue append to tail  adopts a double-queue seed scheduler primary queue head secondary queue head Primary queue takes priority over secondary queue in providing candidates Only when primary queue is temporarily empty is secondary queue used to either init the layout process or guarantee view coverage

14. IVDESS  Temporally Coherent Seeding Strategy IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Building on top of TISS  IVDESS provides a multi-resolution ( in physical space ) flow representation and hence requires smooth inter-frame transition to achieve coherent flow exploration with visually uniform lines  TISS is an intra-frame view-space seeding mechanism without addressing explorative issues  IVDESS employs an inter-frame physical-space seeding scheme on top of TISS to constitute a  The inter-frame physical-space seeding scheme maintains temporal coherence by reusing and lengthening the streamlines of the previous frame under normal density control in the current frame Temporally Coherent Seeding Strategy ( TCSS ) — physical-space seeding prior to view-space seeding IVDESS  TCSS

15. IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Efficient Greedy Non-split Streamline Reuse+Lengthening  Each streamline of the previous frame is accessed from physical- space storage and processed beginning with the seed in both directions — reprojection + resampling + possible lengthening  A streamline is potentially reused in either direction as long as the first in-view-segment sample passes inter-sample distance check greediness: a streamline with the seed out of the view may be reused otherwise: the disappearance of such streamlines brings big view change  A streamline is saved if it passes the view-space length check the accepted in-view part + the rejected in-view part + the out-of-view part

16. IVDESS  TCSS IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Efficient Greedy Non-split Streamline Reuse+Lengthening  Point projection and segment sampling continue until any sample ( I 1 ) fails to pass inter-sample distance check  The first in-view segment sample ( I 0 ) in either direction is a raw segment sample — the projection of an in-view seed (S) an intermediate segment sample from line-view clipping (seed S out of view)

17. IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  C heck view-space length to decide if the streamline needs saving  Lengthening+projection+sampling occurs if the line end is reached I 0  R 0  R 1  I 1 ; I: Intermediate segment sample; R: Raw segment sample prevents the number of streamlines from excessively increasing suppresses incoherence / artifacts over the view boundaries  N on-split streamline reuse+lengthening IVDESS  TCSS  Efficient Greedy Non-split Streamline Reuse+Lengthening  Projection+sampling continues until any sample ( I 1 ) fails to pass inter-sample distance check  The first in-view segment sample ( I 0 ) in either direction is a raw segment sample — the projection of an in-view seed (S) an intermediate segment sample from line-view clipping (seed S out of view)  Lengthening+projection+sampling occurs if the line end is reached  Efficient ( projection + sample-in-view check  distance check in comp. cost ) allows closed streamlines to form Otherwise discontinuities would occur

18. IVDESS  View-Sensitive Streamline Representation IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Complete Storage & Visibility Description  A streamline successfully reused in an IVDESS frame may include an out-of-view part and / or an in-view but rejected part while neither should be rendered to the output image  Physical-space raw points of a streamline are sequentially stored in the main body of a buffer from the negative end to the positive end number of raw points, seed’s buffer-index, view-space streamline length  Header of the streamline buffer  2 VSDs ( View-Sensitive Descriptors, one per direction ) after the header the first accepted in-view segment sample I 0 — 3 D coordinate the first accepted in-view raw point R 0 — buffer index the last accepted in-view raw point R 1 — buffer index the last accepted in-view segment sample I 1 — 3 D coordinate instantaneous adaptive step size closing point of a closed streamline  Lengthening+projection+sampling occurs if the line end is reached I 0  R 0  R 1  I 1 ; I: segment-view clip sample; R: Raw segment sample

19. The unprojection point of a line-view clip sample is temporarily stored in a VSD to render the current frame properly Otherwise jaggy lines might emerge as unintended unprojection points are stored in the main body and then used in the subsequent frames to lengthen streamlines  VSD s avoid jaggy lines resulting from unprojection errors  Thorough Reuse & Proper Rendering  VSDs provide a general description of the accepted viewable parts of a streamline to allow for greedy reuse+lengthening Redundancy may occur between fields and padding may be needed Fields need to be dynamically updated to keep track of the change IVDESS  View-Sensitive Streamline Representation IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 Jaggy lines emerge when unintended unprojection points (due to numerical error) of the current frame are reused in the subsequent frames to lengthen the streamlines

20. Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  Implementation & Test  Current implementation (using VC++ and OpenGL) — IVDESS for 3D exploration of planar flows in a perspective-view setting Notebook PC (Celeron M 1.60GHz/512MB RAM/Window XP/no GPU)  Test platform — a nowadays low-end facility  Test aspects — placement speed / placement quality / temporal coherence  Test dataset — a 468  337 2D flow field of the Northeast Pacific ocean  Perspective projection near clipping plane = 1.0 field-of-view angle = 90° far clipping plane = 10000.0 aspect ratio = 1.0 view size = 990  700  Initial step size (0.0625) & the adaptive range [10 -5, 10 -4 ] in cells  Threshold distance (10) & min streamline length (30) in pixels  100 IVDESS-TCSS (IVDESS) frames & 100 IVDESS-TISS frames were generated based on exactly the same exploration of the flow over one hundred critical points making a very complex flow pattern

21. Streamlines are evenly spaced in an IVDESS-TCSS frame without cluttering or distracting discontinuities. In particular, there are 3 closed streamlines successfully detected and formed.

22. The IVDESS-TCSS layout demonstrates the capability of our seeding strategy, even without topology-based seed distribution, in placing evenly spaced streamlines around critical points.

23. Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 Play the IVDESS-TISS movie! Play the IVDESS-TCSS movie!

24. number of streamlines per frame Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 This demonstrates the effectiveness of the streamline reuse+lengthening scheme of TCSS For more than half of the TCSS frames, there are far more reused streamlines than advected ones per frame. Even for the other frames, the number of reused streamlines is only a little bit less than that of advected ones per frame. TCSS-reused TCSS-advected TCSS total TISS total The total number of streamlines in a TCSS frame is very similar to that in a TISS frame. This indicates the high-performance of TCSS in preventing the number of streamlines from excessively increasing.

25. Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 streamline reuse percentage for each TCSS frame The high percentages demonstrate the effectiveness of the greedy non-split streamline reuse+lengthening scheme adopted in TCSS. streamlines obtained by reuse all streamlines in the previous frame percentage = streamlines obtained by reuse all streamlines in the current frame percentage =

26. time required per frame Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 The variation in frame generation time for TCSS is much less than that for TISS and this is also the case with frame generation+rendering time. For nearly every frame and for either case (generation time / generation+rendering time), less time was consumed by TCSS than by TISS. TCSS generation TCSS generation+rendering TISS generation TISS generation+rendering

27. frames per second Results IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 The interactive and nearly constant frame rates of TCSS indicate that IVDESS-TCSS (IVDESS) is well suited for coherent flow exploration. TCSS generation TCSS generation+rendering TISS generation TISS generation+rendering

28. Conclusions  IVDESS is a physically non-uniform but visually uniform representation of planar or curved surface flows in a perspective-view setting  IVDESS divides the view-dependent uniform placement process into physical-space flow integration & view-space streamline density control  A projection-unprojection pair is used via off-screening surface rendering to link the two spaces  Greedy but efficient non-split streamline reuse+lengthening is an inter-frame physical-space seeding scheme that is adopted on top of an intra-frame view-space seeding method to constitute a hybrid-space multi-level seeding mechanism — Temporally Coherent Seeding Strategy  A view-sensitive streamline representation is used to support thorough reuse+lengthening while guaranteeing proper rendering  IVDESS is well suited for coherent level-of-detail 3D exploration of large complex flows at interactive frame rates without either pre-processing or GPU support on a nowadays low-end PC IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008

29. Conclusions IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008  DoD HPCVI Program  Dr. David Kao  Anonymous reviewers  Acknowledgments  to enhance the current version of IVDESS in support of flows on curvilinear grids and unstructured grids  to investigate adaptive depth selection issues in an effort to extend IVDESS for explorative visualization of volume flows  Future Work IS & T / SPIE EI-VDA 2008 Thank you! Any questions?